{
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "stone-tools",
      "name": "Stone tools",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -2600000,
      "deps": [],
      "desc": "Deliberately shaped stone implements for cutting, scraping and striking.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q479257"
    },
    {
      "id": "hammerstone",
      "name": "Hammerstone",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -2600000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "A durable striking tool used to shape other stone implements.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2915181"
    },
    {
      "id": "hand-axe",
      "name": "Hand axe",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -1700000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools",
        "hammerstone"
      ],
      "desc": "Bifacially worked stone cutting tool.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q479448"
    },
    {
      "id": "controlled-fire",
      "name": "Controlled fire",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": -400000,
      "deps": [],
      "desc": "Sustained, managed fire transformed food, shelter and materials.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q912205"
    },
    {
      "id": "hearth",
      "name": "Hearth",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -200000,
      "deps": [
        "controlled-fire"
      ],
      "desc": "A bounded place for sustained and directed fire use.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q585473"
    },
    {
      "id": "prepared-core-flaking",
      "name": "Prepared-core flaking",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -300000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools",
        "hammerstone"
      ],
      "desc": "Methods for controlling the shape of stone flakes.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q7240638"
    },
    {
      "id": "composite-tools",
      "name": "Composite tools",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -200000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Tools made from multiple materials fastened together.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hafting",
      "name": "Hafting",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -200000,
      "deps": [
        "composite-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Attaching a stone or other working head to a handle.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q5638478"
    },
    {
      "id": "pigment-preparation",
      "name": "Pigment preparation",
      "cat": "Culture",
      "year": -100000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Grinding and preparing mineral or organic colorants.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q161179"
    },
    {
      "id": "cordage",
      "name": "Cordage",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -50000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Twisted fibers make flexible, strong lines.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q28369945"
    },
    {
      "id": "sewing-needle",
      "name": "Sewing needle",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -45000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Pierced needles support fitted clothing and joining hides.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q142690"
    },
    {
      "id": "tailored-clothing",
      "name": "Tailored clothing",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -40000,
      "deps": [
        "sewing-needle",
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "Garments fitted and joined from multiple pieces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "fishing-hook",
      "name": "Fishing hook",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -23000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools",
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "A shaped hook captures fish on a line.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "basket-weaving",
      "name": "Basket weaving",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -25000,
      "deps": [
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "Interwoven fibers produce containers and mats.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q373017"
    },
    {
      "id": "grinding-stone",
      "name": "Grinding stone",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -30000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Ground seeds, pigments and later grain.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pottery",
      "name": "Pottery",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -18000,
      "deps": [
        "controlled-fire"
      ],
      "desc": "Fired clay containers for storage and cooking.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "People already used other container materials and cooking methods.",
        "after": "Fired clay added a shapeable, heat-resistant material for cooking, storage, water vessels and small objects.",
        "caveat": "Early pottery predates kilns. Uses vary by region, and not every vessel was waterproof or portable.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Craig et al. · Early pottery food residues",
            "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12109"
          ],
          [
            "Florida Museum · Ceramic vessels and their uses",
            "https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/science/clear-as-mud-the-origins-of-early-pottery-in-the-lucayan-islands/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11642"
    },
    {
      "id": "kiln",
      "name": "Kiln",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": -8000,
      "deps": [
        "controlled-fire",
        "pottery"
      ],
      "desc": "An enclosed chamber improving heat control.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Pottery could be fired without a kiln.",
        "after": "Enclosing and controlling a firing expanded what craftspeople could do with heat.",
        "caveat": "The kiln improved firing; it did not create the earliest pottery. Kiln dates vary across regions.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Metropolitan Museum · Ancient Peruvian pots",
            "https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Containing_the_Divine_Ancient_Peruvian_Pots.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1724341"
    },
    {
      "id": "domesticated-dog",
      "name": "Domesticated dog",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -15000,
      "deps": [],
      "desc": "Early domesticated animal for companionship and work.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q39110"
    },
    {
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "name": "Crop cultivation",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -10000,
      "deps": [
        "grinding-stone"
      ],
      "desc": "Intentional raising of useful plants.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11451"
    },
    {
      "id": "domesticated-sheep",
      "name": "Domesticated sheep",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -9000,
      "deps": [
        "crop-cultivation"
      ],
      "desc": "Managed flocks supplied fiber, meat and milk.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q7368"
    },
    {
      "id": "domesticated-goat",
      "name": "Domesticated goat",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -9000,
      "deps": [
        "crop-cultivation"
      ],
      "desc": "Managed animals supplied milk, hides and meat.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2934"
    },
    {
      "id": "permanent-villages",
      "name": "Permanent villages",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -10000,
      "deps": [
        "crop-cultivation"
      ],
      "desc": "Long-lived settlements with shared infrastructure.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1141745"
    },
    {
      "id": "mudbrick",
      "name": "Mudbrick",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -9000,
      "deps": [
        "permanent-villages"
      ],
      "desc": "Sun-dried earthen building blocks.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2090236"
    },
    {
      "id": "granary",
      "name": "Granary",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -9000,
      "deps": [
        "crop-cultivation",
        "permanent-villages"
      ],
      "desc": "Buildings or vessels used for stored harvests.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q114768"
    },
    {
      "id": "loom",
      "name": "Loom",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -7000,
      "deps": [
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "Device for systematically weaving textile strands.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q173056"
    },
    {
      "id": "woven-cloth",
      "name": "Woven cloth",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -7000,
      "deps": [
        "loom",
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "Structured fabric made by interlacing fibers.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "irrigation-channels",
      "name": "Irrigation channels",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -6000,
      "deps": [
        "crop-cultivation"
      ],
      "desc": "Artificial delivery of water to fields.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "copper-working",
      "name": "Copper working",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -8000,
      "deps": [
        "controlled-fire",
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Hammering naturally occurring copper into usable objects.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q753"
    },
    {
      "id": "copper-smelting",
      "name": "Copper smelting",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -5000,
      "deps": [
        "kiln",
        "copper-working"
      ],
      "desc": "Extracting metallic copper from mineral ore using heat.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q766401"
    },
    {
      "id": "stone-quarrying",
      "name": "Stone quarrying",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -6000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Systematic extraction of stone for building and carving.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "plaster",
      "name": "Plaster",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -7000,
      "deps": [
        "kiln"
      ],
      "desc": "Processed mineral binders used for finishing surfaces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q274988"
    },
    {
      "id": "sled",
      "name": "Sled",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": -7000,
      "deps": [
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "Transporting heavy loads by sliding over ground.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q181388"
    },
    {
      "id": "sail",
      "name": "Sail",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": -5000,
      "deps": [
        "woven-cloth",
        "cordage"
      ],
      "desc": "Using wind to propel watercraft.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q25999"
    },
    {
      "id": "dugout-canoe",
      "name": "Dugout canoe",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": -8000,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Hollowed log vessel for water travel.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q596073"
    },
    {
      "id": "wheel-and-axle",
      "name": "Wheel and axle",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": -3500,
      "deps": [
        "stone-tools"
      ],
      "desc": "Rotating assembly used for transport and machines.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Eurasia; early evidence from the 4th millennium BCE",
        "who": "Unknown; independent and competing regional claims",
        "claim": "A potter’s wheel, solid vehicle wheel and wheel-and-axle assemblies are related but distinct innovations.",
        "factors": "Woodworking, axle fabrication, loads requiring transport, draft animals for some uses, suitable terrain and transport networks."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q592289"
    },
    {
      "id": "potter-s-wheel",
      "name": "Potter's wheel",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -3500,
      "deps": [
        "pottery",
        "wheel-and-axle"
      ],
      "desc": "Rotating surface for shaping ceramic vessels.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1128390"
    },
    {
      "id": "animal-traction",
      "name": "Animal traction",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -4000,
      "deps": [
        "domesticated-goat"
      ],
      "desc": "Using domesticated animals to move loads and implements.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "plow",
      "name": "Plow",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -4000,
      "deps": [
        "crop-cultivation",
        "animal-traction"
      ],
      "desc": "Tool that turns or breaks soil for cultivation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bronze-alloying",
      "name": "Bronze alloying",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -3300,
      "deps": [
        "copper-smelting",
        "kiln"
      ],
      "desc": "Intentional production of copper-based alloys, notably tin bronze.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Multiple regions of Eurasia; earliest evidence depends on alloy type",
        "who": "Unknown; many metallurgical communities across long periods",
        "claim": "No single inventor. Early arsenical copper alloys and deliberate copper–tin bronze need to be distinguished.",
        "factors": "Copper ores, alloying minerals or trade, high-temperature furnaces, charcoal, casting knowledge, skilled labor and exchange networks."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q34095"
    },
    {
      "id": "bronze-casting",
      "name": "Bronze casting",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -3200,
      "deps": [
        "bronze-alloying",
        "pottery"
      ],
      "desc": "Casting molten bronze into shaped molds.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Multiple regions of Eurasia; earliest evidence depends on alloy type",
        "who": "Unknown; many metallurgical communities across long periods",
        "claim": "No single inventor. Early arsenical copper alloys and deliberate copper–tin bronze need to be distinguished.",
        "factors": "Copper ores, alloying minerals or trade, high-temperature furnaces, charcoal, casting knowledge, skilled labor and exchange networks."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q928357"
    },
    {
      "id": "metal-chisel",
      "name": "Metal chisel",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "bronze-casting"
      ],
      "desc": "Durable cutting and carving implement.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "metal-saw",
      "name": "Metal saw",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "bronze-casting"
      ],
      "desc": "Toothed metal blade for repeated cutting.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "writing",
      "name": "Writing",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -3400,
      "deps": [
        "permanent-villages"
      ],
      "desc": "Graphic systems encoding language or information.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q37260"
    },
    {
      "id": "clay-tablet",
      "name": "Clay tablet",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -3300,
      "deps": [
        "writing",
        "pottery"
      ],
      "desc": "Durable writing medium made from clay.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1570005"
    },
    {
      "id": "accounting-tokens",
      "name": "Accounting tokens",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -8000,
      "deps": [
        "granary"
      ],
      "desc": "Physical counters used to record quantities and exchanges.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "numeral-notation",
      "name": "Numeral notation",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -3200,
      "deps": [
        "accounting-tokens",
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Written marks expressing numbers.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "measurement-standards",
      "name": "Measurement standards",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "numeral-notation"
      ],
      "desc": "Shared units for length, weight and capacity.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1271511"
    },
    {
      "id": "geometry",
      "name": "Geometry",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": -2000,
      "deps": [
        "measurement-standards"
      ],
      "desc": "Rules for measurement and spatial relationships.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q8087"
    },
    {
      "id": "calendar-systems",
      "name": "Calendar systems",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "numeral-notation"
      ],
      "desc": "Organized reckoning of days and seasons.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q12132"
    },
    {
      "id": "urban-drainage",
      "name": "Urban drainage",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "permanent-villages",
        "pottery"
      ],
      "desc": "Engineered routes for wastewater and stormwater.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "road-construction",
      "name": "Road construction",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "permanent-villages",
        "stone-quarrying"
      ],
      "desc": "Durable routes built for travel and trade.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cart",
      "name": "Cart",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": -3300,
      "deps": [
        "wheel-and-axle",
        "animal-traction"
      ],
      "desc": "Wheeled land vehicle for moving goods.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q234668"
    },
    {
      "id": "iron-smelting",
      "name": "Iron smelting",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -1800,
      "deps": [
        "kiln",
        "copper-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Extracting workable iron from ore at high temperature.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2285982"
    },
    {
      "id": "bloomery",
      "name": "Bloomery",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -1200,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Furnace producing a spongy mass of iron and slag.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q964257"
    },
    {
      "id": "wrought-iron",
      "name": "Wrought iron",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -1000,
      "deps": [
        "bloomery"
      ],
      "desc": "Worked, low-carbon iron refined by hammering.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q860451"
    },
    {
      "id": "steel-making",
      "name": "Steel making",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -700,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Controlling iron-carbon content for increased hardness.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11427"
    },
    {
      "id": "iron-plowshare",
      "name": "Iron plowshare",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -700,
      "deps": [
        "plow",
        "wrought-iron"
      ],
      "desc": "Iron-shod component improves durability in some soils.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "coinage",
      "name": "Coinage",
      "cat": "Economy",
      "year": -650,
      "deps": [
        "measurement-standards",
        "metal-chisel"
      ],
      "desc": "Standardized struck metal used as money.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q5141563"
    },
    {
      "id": "alphabetic-writing",
      "name": "Alphabetic writing",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -1700,
      "deps": [
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Scripts representing speech with limited sound signs.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "papyrus-writing-material",
      "name": "Papyrus writing material",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -3000,
      "deps": [
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Prepared plant material providing portable writing surfaces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q125576"
    },
    {
      "id": "parchment",
      "name": "Parchment",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": -500,
      "deps": [
        "writing",
        "tailored-clothing"
      ],
      "desc": "Prepared animal skin used for documents.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q226697"
    },
    {
      "id": "glass-making",
      "name": "Glass making",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -1500,
      "deps": [
        "kiln"
      ],
      "desc": "High-temperature production of glass artifacts.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "glassblowing",
      "name": "Glassblowing",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": -50,
      "deps": [
        "glass-making"
      ],
      "desc": "Forming vessels by blowing molten glass.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q12185286"
    },
    {
      "id": "aqueduct",
      "name": "Aqueduct",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -700,
      "deps": [
        "geometry",
        "road-construction"
      ],
      "desc": "Engineered system conveying water over distances.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2293979"
    },
    {
      "id": "arch-bridge",
      "name": "Arch bridge",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -600,
      "deps": [
        "stone-quarrying",
        "geometry"
      ],
      "desc": "Curved compression structures supporting a crossing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q158438"
    },
    {
      "id": "concrete",
      "name": "Concrete",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": -200,
      "deps": [
        "plaster",
        "stone-quarrying"
      ],
      "desc": "Aggregate bound with cementitious material.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q22657"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-wheel",
      "name": "Water wheel",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": -200,
      "deps": [
        "wheel-and-axle",
        "irrigation-channels"
      ],
      "desc": "Flowing water turned into mechanical rotation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q146728"
    },
    {
      "id": "windmill",
      "name": "Windmill",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 650,
      "deps": [
        "sail",
        "wheel-and-axle"
      ],
      "desc": "Wind-driven machine for milling or pumping.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q38720"
    },
    {
      "id": "pulley",
      "name": "Pulley",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -500,
      "deps": [
        "cordage",
        "wheel-and-axle"
      ],
      "desc": "Grooved wheel and rope for redirecting force.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q48378"
    },
    {
      "id": "screw-mechanism",
      "name": "Screw mechanism",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -300,
      "deps": [
        "geometry"
      ],
      "desc": "Helical mechanism converting rotation and translation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q764323"
    },
    {
      "id": "archimedean-screw",
      "name": "Archimedean screw",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": -250,
      "deps": [
        "screw-mechanism",
        "irrigation-channels"
      ],
      "desc": "Rotating screw mechanism to lift water.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gear-train",
      "name": "Gear train",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": -200,
      "deps": [
        "wheel-and-axle",
        "metal-chisel"
      ],
      "desc": "Interlocking toothed wheels transfer rotary motion.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2644088"
    },
    {
      "id": "mechanical-clock",
      "name": "Mechanical clock",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1280,
      "deps": [
        "gear-train",
        "steel-making"
      ],
      "desc": "Automatic mechanical mechanism keeping time.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "paper",
      "name": "Paper",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 105,
      "deps": [
        "woven-cloth"
      ],
      "desc": "Sheet material formed from processed fibers.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11472"
    },
    {
      "id": "woodblock-printing",
      "name": "Woodblock printing",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 700,
      "deps": [
        "paper",
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Printing by inking carved surfaces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1261053"
    },
    {
      "id": "movable-type",
      "name": "Movable type",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1040,
      "deps": [
        "woodblock-printing"
      ],
      "desc": "Individual reusable type elements for print layouts.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q426853"
    },
    {
      "id": "printing-press",
      "name": "Printing press",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1450,
      "deps": [
        "movable-type",
        "paper",
        "screw-mechanism"
      ],
      "desc": "Machine enabling repetitive pressure-based printing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q144334"
    },
    {
      "id": "compass",
      "name": "Compass",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1100,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Magnetized direction indicator used in navigation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q34735"
    },
    {
      "id": "astrolabe",
      "name": "Astrolabe",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 200,
      "deps": [
        "geometry",
        "calendar-systems"
      ],
      "desc": "Instrument for astronomical position and calculation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q164992"
    },
    {
      "id": "navigation-charts",
      "name": "Navigation charts",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1200,
      "deps": [
        "writing",
        "compass"
      ],
      "desc": "Mapped representations supporting marine navigation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "sternpost-rudder",
      "name": "Sternpost rudder",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1000,
      "deps": [
        "dugout-canoe"
      ],
      "desc": "Pivoting rear-mounted steering mechanism on vessels.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lateen-sail",
      "name": "Lateen sail",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 500,
      "deps": [
        "sail"
      ],
      "desc": "Fore-and-aft triangular sail enabling varied sailing angles.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "eyeglasses",
      "name": "Eyeglasses",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1285,
      "deps": [
        "glass-making"
      ],
      "desc": "Corrective lenses for visual impairment.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lens-grinding",
      "name": "Lens grinding",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1200,
      "deps": [
        "glass-making",
        "grinding-stone"
      ],
      "desc": "Shaping optical surfaces by abrasion.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "telescope",
      "name": "Telescope",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1608,
      "deps": [
        "lens-grinding"
      ],
      "desc": "Optical instrument magnifying distant objects.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q4213"
    },
    {
      "id": "compound-microscope",
      "name": "Compound microscope",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1590,
      "deps": [
        "lens-grinding"
      ],
      "desc": "Multiple lenses magnify small objects.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q111665798"
    },
    {
      "id": "scientific-experimentation",
      "name": "Scientific experimentation",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1600,
      "deps": [
        "writing",
        "measurement-standards"
      ],
      "desc": "Systematic testing of observations and hypotheses.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "logarithms",
      "name": "Logarithms",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1614,
      "deps": [
        "numeral-notation",
        "geometry"
      ],
      "desc": "Mathematical relation facilitating multiplication and calculation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "calculus",
      "name": "Calculus",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1665,
      "deps": [
        "geometry",
        "logarithms"
      ],
      "desc": "Mathematics of rates of change and accumulation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q149972"
    },
    {
      "id": "pendulum-clock",
      "name": "Pendulum clock",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1656,
      "deps": [
        "mechanical-clock",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Pendulum regulates clock timing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q41751"
    },
    {
      "id": "barometer",
      "name": "Barometer",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1643,
      "deps": [
        "glassblowing",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Instrument measuring atmospheric pressure.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q79757"
    },
    {
      "id": "thermometer",
      "name": "Thermometer",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1714,
      "deps": [
        "glassblowing",
        "measurement-standards"
      ],
      "desc": "Calibrated instrument measuring temperature.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q646"
    },
    {
      "id": "vacuum-pump",
      "name": "Vacuum pump",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1650,
      "deps": [
        "metal-saw",
        "glassblowing"
      ],
      "desc": "Device removing gases from a chamber.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q745837"
    },
    {
      "id": "atmospheric-steam-engine",
      "name": "Atmospheric steam engine",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1712,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting",
        "vacuum-pump",
        "water-wheel"
      ],
      "desc": "Piston-based engine using steam condensation and pressure.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2224989"
    },
    {
      "id": "watt-steam-engine",
      "name": "Watt steam engine",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1769,
      "deps": [
        "atmospheric-steam-engine"
      ],
      "desc": "Improved steam engines with separate condenser design.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q3099902"
    },
    {
      "id": "precision-boring",
      "name": "Precision boring",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1774,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting",
        "water-wheel"
      ],
      "desc": "Accurate machining of cylindrical metal surfaces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "machine-tool-lathe",
      "name": "Machine tool lathe",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1750,
      "deps": [
        "gear-train",
        "iron-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Powered cutting of rotating workpieces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "interchangeable-parts",
      "name": "Interchangeable parts",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1800,
      "deps": [
        "machine-tool-lathe",
        "precision-boring",
        "measurement-standards"
      ],
      "desc": "Production of components to controlled dimensions.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q871913"
    },
    {
      "id": "cotton-gin",
      "name": "Cotton gin",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": 1793,
      "deps": [
        "gear-train",
        "metal-saw"
      ],
      "desc": "Mechanized saw-type cotton gin separating seeds and fibers.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1136790"
    },
    {
      "id": "flying-shuttle",
      "name": "Flying shuttle",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1733,
      "deps": [
        "loom"
      ],
      "desc": "Shuttle apparatus accelerating weaving.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1202252"
    },
    {
      "id": "spinning-jenny",
      "name": "Spinning jenny",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1764,
      "deps": [
        "loom",
        "wheel-and-axle"
      ],
      "desc": "Multi-spindle spinning machine.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q49015"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-frame",
      "name": "Water frame",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1769,
      "deps": [
        "water-wheel",
        "spinning-jenny"
      ],
      "desc": "Water-powered spinning machinery.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1751504"
    },
    {
      "id": "power-loom",
      "name": "Power loom",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1785,
      "deps": [
        "loom",
        "watt-steam-engine"
      ],
      "desc": "Mechanized weaving equipment.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1353185"
    },
    {
      "id": "coal-coke-smelting",
      "name": "Coal coke smelting",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1709,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Coke-fired production of iron reducing reliance on charcoal.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q192795"
    },
    {
      "id": "puddling-furnace",
      "name": "Puddling furnace",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1784,
      "deps": [
        "coal-coke-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Method for refining pig iron into wrought iron.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q97372055"
    },
    {
      "id": "railway-track",
      "name": "Railway track",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1804,
      "deps": [
        "iron-smelting",
        "road-construction"
      ],
      "desc": "Engineered rails guide wheeled vehicles.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q160342"
    },
    {
      "id": "steam-locomotive",
      "name": "Steam locomotive",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1804,
      "deps": [
        "watt-steam-engine",
        "railway-track"
      ],
      "desc": "Steam-powered railway traction.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q171043"
    },
    {
      "id": "steamboat",
      "name": "Steamboat",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1807,
      "deps": [
        "watt-steam-engine",
        "sternpost-rudder"
      ],
      "desc": "Steam-powered vessel for inland or coastal travel.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q178193"
    },
    {
      "id": "telegraph",
      "name": "Telegraph",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1837,
      "deps": [
        "electromagnet",
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Long-distance encoded signaling by electricity.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q6987428"
    },
    {
      "id": "electric-battery",
      "name": "Electric battery",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1800,
      "deps": [
        "copper-working",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Electrochemical source of electric current.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q267298"
    },
    {
      "id": "electromagnet",
      "name": "Electromagnet",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1820,
      "deps": [
        "electric-battery",
        "iron-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Magnetic field generated by electric current.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q178032"
    },
    {
      "id": "electric-motor",
      "name": "Electric motor",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1834,
      "deps": [
        "electromagnet",
        "electric-battery"
      ],
      "desc": "Electricity converted to mechanical motion.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q72313"
    },
    {
      "id": "electric-generator",
      "name": "Electric generator",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1831,
      "deps": [
        "electromagnet",
        "water-wheel"
      ],
      "desc": "Mechanical motion converted to electric current.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q131502"
    },
    {
      "id": "electrical-grid",
      "name": "Electrical grid",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1882,
      "deps": [
        "electric-generator",
        "telegraph"
      ],
      "desc": "Network distributing electricity to consumers.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1096907"
    },
    {
      "id": "incandescent-lamp",
      "name": "Incandescent lamp",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1879,
      "deps": [
        "electric-battery",
        "glassblowing"
      ],
      "desc": "Electrically heated filament emits visible light.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q47616"
    },
    {
      "id": "telephone",
      "name": "Telephone",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1876,
      "deps": [
        "telegraph",
        "electromagnet"
      ],
      "desc": "Electrical transmission of speech.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11035"
    },
    {
      "id": "radio-waves-demonstrated",
      "name": "Radio waves demonstrated",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1887,
      "deps": [
        "electric-generator",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Experimental evidence of electromagnetic radiation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, United States and elsewhere",
        "who": "Guglielmo Marconi; Heinrich Hertz; Nikola Tesla; Jagadish Chandra Bose; Alexander Popov, among others",
        "claim": "Radio is not a single clean inventor story. Hertz demonstrated electromagnetic waves; other researchers developed practical wireless systems, tuning, components, and transmissions. Patent claims and national narratives differ.",
        "factors": "Electromagnetic theory, experimental electrical apparatus, conducting materials, scientific networks, patents and capital."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q4262"
    },
    {
      "id": "wireless-telegraphy",
      "name": "Wireless telegraphy",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1895,
      "deps": [
        "radio-waves-demonstrated",
        "telegraph"
      ],
      "desc": "Radio transmission of coded messages.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q729856"
    },
    {
      "id": "broadcast-radio",
      "name": "Broadcast radio",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1920,
      "deps": [
        "wireless-telegraphy",
        "electric-generator"
      ],
      "desc": "One-to-many audio radio transmissions.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "photography",
      "name": "Photography",
      "cat": "Culture",
      "year": 1839,
      "deps": [
        "lens-grinding",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Durable capture of images using light-sensitive materials.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11633"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-pictures",
      "name": "Motion pictures",
      "cat": "Culture",
      "year": 1895,
      "deps": [
        "photography",
        "interchangeable-parts"
      ],
      "desc": "Sequential recorded images played to depict motion.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q11424"
    },
    {
      "id": "phonograph",
      "name": "Phonograph",
      "cat": "Culture",
      "year": 1877,
      "deps": [
        "telephone",
        "machine-tool-lathe"
      ],
      "desc": "Recording and playing back sound mechanically.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q116434"
    },
    {
      "id": "sound-cinema",
      "name": "Sound cinema",
      "cat": "Culture",
      "year": 1927,
      "deps": [
        "motion-pictures",
        "phonograph"
      ],
      "desc": "Synchronized recorded sound and motion pictures.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bessemer-process",
      "name": "Bessemer process",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1856,
      "deps": [
        "coal-coke-smelting",
        "steel-making"
      ],
      "desc": "Industrial conversion of pig iron into steel.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q334055"
    },
    {
      "id": "open-hearth-steel",
      "name": "Open-hearth steel",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1865,
      "deps": [
        "steel-making",
        "coal-coke-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Furnace route to large-batch steel production.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reinforced-concrete",
      "name": "Reinforced concrete",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": 1850,
      "deps": [
        "concrete",
        "wrought-iron"
      ],
      "desc": "Concrete strengthened by embedded metal reinforcement.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q184190"
    },
    {
      "id": "elevator-safety-brake",
      "name": "Elevator safety brake",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": 1853,
      "deps": [
        "gear-train",
        "steel-making"
      ],
      "desc": "Automatic arresting mechanism for lifts.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "skyscraper-steel-frame",
      "name": "Skyscraper steel frame",
      "cat": "Construction",
      "year": 1885,
      "deps": [
        "bessemer-process",
        "elevator-safety-brake"
      ],
      "desc": "Tall buildings supported by structural steel frameworks.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "internal-combustion-engine",
      "name": "Internal combustion engine",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1876,
      "deps": [
        "precision-boring",
        "coal-coke-smelting"
      ],
      "desc": "Engine burning fuel inside working cylinder.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q12757"
    },
    {
      "id": "automobile",
      "name": "Automobile",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1886,
      "deps": [
        "internal-combustion-engine",
        "interchangeable-parts"
      ],
      "desc": "Practical motor road vehicle.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pneumatic-tire",
      "name": "Pneumatic tire",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1888,
      "deps": [
        "rubber-vulcanization",
        "wheel-and-axle"
      ],
      "desc": "Air-filled tire improving rolling performance and comfort.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "rubber-vulcanization",
      "name": "Rubber vulcanization",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1839,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Chemical treatment improves rubber elasticity and resilience.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bicycle-safety-design",
      "name": "Bicycle safety design",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1885,
      "deps": [
        "steel-making",
        "wheel-and-axle"
      ],
      "desc": "Chain-driven, similarly sized wheels improve cycling practicality.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "airplane",
      "name": "Airplane",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1903,
      "deps": [
        "internal-combustion-engine",
        "bicycle-safety-design"
      ],
      "desc": "Sustained powered controlled heavier-than-air flight.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, United States; related aviation experiments worldwide",
        "who": "Wilbur and Orville Wright, with important predecessors including Otto Lilienthal, Octave Chanute, Samuel Langley, and others",
        "claim": "The Wrights’ 1903 flight is conventionally credited as the first controlled, sustained, powered flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft. Other pioneers had earlier powered or gliding experiments, and some priority claims remain disputed.",
        "factors": "Lightweight engines, precision manufacturing, aerodynamics, wind-tunnel testing, suitable testing grounds and sustained experimentation."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q197"
    },
    {
      "id": "aerodynamic-wind-tunnel",
      "name": "Aerodynamic wind tunnel",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1871,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "machine-tool-lathe"
      ],
      "desc": "Controlled airflow for investigating aerodynamic forces.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "jet-engine",
      "name": "Jet engine",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1930,
      "deps": [
        "airplane",
        "steel-making",
        "internal-combustion-engine"
      ],
      "desc": "Air-breathing turbine propulsion.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q178777"
    },
    {
      "id": "liquid-fuel-rocket",
      "name": "Liquid-fuel rocket",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1926,
      "deps": [
        "internal-combustion-engine",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Rocket using liquid propellants.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "artificial-satellite",
      "name": "Artificial satellite",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1957,
      "deps": [
        "liquid-fuel-rocket",
        "radio-waves-demonstrated",
        "orbital-rocketry"
      ],
      "desc": "Human-made spacecraft orbiting Earth.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q26540"
    },
    {
      "id": "crewed-spaceflight",
      "name": "Crewed spaceflight",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1961,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite",
        "liquid-fuel-rocket"
      ],
      "desc": "Human flight beyond Earth's atmosphere.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q752783"
    },
    {
      "id": "lithography-printing",
      "name": "Lithography printing",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1796,
      "deps": [
        "printing-press",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Printing from a treated planar surface.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "typewriter",
      "name": "Typewriter",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1868,
      "deps": [
        "interchangeable-parts",
        "printing-press"
      ],
      "desc": "Mechanical keyboard-driven character printing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q46335"
    },
    {
      "id": "punch-cards",
      "name": "Punch cards",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 1801,
      "deps": [
        "loom",
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Perforated media encoding instructions or data.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mechanical-calculator",
      "name": "Mechanical calculator",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1642,
      "deps": [
        "gear-train",
        "numeral-notation"
      ],
      "desc": "Mechanical device performing arithmetic operations.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q211586"
    },
    {
      "id": "programmable-loom",
      "name": "Programmable loom",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1804,
      "deps": [
        "punch-cards",
        "loom"
      ],
      "desc": "Pattern-controlled loom using encoded instructions.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "difference-engine",
      "name": "Difference engine",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1822,
      "deps": [
        "mechanical-calculator",
        "machine-tool-lathe"
      ],
      "desc": "Proposed automatic mathematical table calculating machine.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q628007"
    },
    {
      "id": "boolean-algebra",
      "name": "Boolean algebra",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1854,
      "deps": [
        "geometry",
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Symbolic logic with binary values and operations.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q173183"
    },
    {
      "id": "tabulating-machine",
      "name": "Tabulating machine",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1890,
      "deps": [
        "punch-cards",
        "electric-motor"
      ],
      "desc": "Electromechanical processing of punched-card data.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1413513"
    },
    {
      "id": "vacuum-tube-diode",
      "name": "Vacuum tube diode",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1904,
      "deps": [
        "incandescent-lamp",
        "vacuum-pump"
      ],
      "desc": "Electronic valve permitting current flow mainly one way.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "vacuum-tube-triode",
      "name": "Vacuum tube triode",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1906,
      "deps": [
        "vacuum-tube-diode"
      ],
      "desc": "Three-electrode device for electronic amplification.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "electronic-oscillator",
      "name": "Electronic oscillator",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1912,
      "deps": [
        "vacuum-tube-triode"
      ],
      "desc": "Circuit generating repetitive electronic signals.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q249997"
    },
    {
      "id": "electronic-digital-computer",
      "name": "Electronic digital computer",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1943,
      "deps": [
        "boolean-algebra",
        "vacuum-tube-triode",
        "tabulating-machine"
      ],
      "desc": "Electronic machine conducting digital computation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "stored-program-computer",
      "name": "Stored-program computer",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1948,
      "deps": [
        "electronic-digital-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Machine storing instructions in electronically accessible memory.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1134867"
    },
    {
      "id": "transistor",
      "name": "Transistor",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1947,
      "deps": [
        "vacuum-tube-triode",
        "semiconductor-physics"
      ],
      "desc": "Solid-state element for switching and amplification.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q5339"
    },
    {
      "id": "semiconductor-physics",
      "name": "Semiconductor physics",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1930,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "radio-waves-demonstrated"
      ],
      "desc": "Understanding charge carriers in semiconductors.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "integrated-circuit",
      "name": "Integrated circuit",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1958,
      "deps": [
        "transistor",
        "lithography-printing"
      ],
      "desc": "Multiple electronic components integrated on a chip.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q80831"
    },
    {
      "id": "mos-transistor",
      "name": "MOS transistor",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1959,
      "deps": [
        "transistor",
        "semiconductor-physics"
      ],
      "desc": "Insulated-gate field-effect transistor technology.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "microprocessor",
      "name": "Microprocessor",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1971,
      "deps": [
        "integrated-circuit",
        "mos-transistor",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "CPU realized on an integrated circuit.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q5297"
    },
    {
      "id": "dynamic-ram",
      "name": "Dynamic RAM",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1968,
      "deps": [
        "mos-transistor",
        "integrated-circuit"
      ],
      "desc": "Charge-based volatile memory cells in integrated form.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "personal-computer",
      "name": "Personal computer",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1975,
      "deps": [
        "microprocessor",
        "dynamic-ram"
      ],
      "desc": "Affordable general-purpose computer for individual use.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q16338"
    },
    {
      "id": "graphical-user-interface",
      "name": "Graphical user interface",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1973,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Visual interaction through windows, icons and pointing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q782543"
    },
    {
      "id": "computer-mouse",
      "name": "Computer mouse",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1964,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Handheld pointing input device.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q7987"
    },
    {
      "id": "ethernet",
      "name": "Ethernet",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1973,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer",
        "electrical-grid"
      ],
      "desc": "Local networking via packet-based wired communication.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q79984"
    },
    {
      "id": "packet-switching",
      "name": "Packet switching",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1961,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer",
        "telephone"
      ],
      "desc": "Messages divided into independently routed packets.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q193446"
    },
    {
      "id": "arpanet",
      "name": "ARPANET",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1969,
      "deps": [
        "packet-switching",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Early wide-area packet-switched computer network.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q177524"
    },
    {
      "id": "tcp-ip",
      "name": "TCP/IP",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1974,
      "deps": [
        "arpanet",
        "packet-switching"
      ],
      "desc": "Protocols for interconnected packet networks.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "world-wide-web",
      "name": "World Wide Web",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1989,
      "deps": [
        "tcp-ip",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Hyperlinked information system over the Internet.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q466"
    },
    {
      "id": "web-browser",
      "name": "Web browser",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1990,
      "deps": [
        "world-wide-web",
        "graphical-user-interface"
      ],
      "desc": "Software retrieving and displaying hyperlinked web content.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q6368"
    },
    {
      "id": "search-engine",
      "name": "Search engine",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1990,
      "deps": [
        "world-wide-web"
      ],
      "desc": "System indexing and retrieving digital documents.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q4182287"
    },
    {
      "id": "mobile-telephone",
      "name": "Mobile telephone",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1973,
      "deps": [
        "telephone",
        "transistor"
      ],
      "desc": "Portable wireless telephone system.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cellular-networks",
      "name": "Cellular networks",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1979,
      "deps": [
        "mobile-telephone",
        "packet-switching"
      ],
      "desc": "Radio cell infrastructure for mobile service.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "smartphone",
      "name": "Smartphone",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2007,
      "deps": [
        "mobile-telephone",
        "microprocessor",
        "graphical-user-interface",
        "cellular-networks"
      ],
      "desc": "Pocket-sized multifunction computer and communication device.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q22645"
    },
    {
      "id": "gps-satellite-navigation",
      "name": "GPS satellite navigation",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1978,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite",
        "atomic-clock"
      ],
      "desc": "Radio navigation from satellite timing signals.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "atomic-clock",
      "name": "Atomic clock",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1955,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "electronic-oscillator"
      ],
      "desc": "Timekeeping based on atomic transition frequencies.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q227467"
    },
    {
      "id": "medical-anesthesia",
      "name": "Medical anesthesia",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1846,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "glassblowing"
      ],
      "desc": "Controlled reduction of sensation during surgery.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q131130"
    },
    {
      "id": "antiseptic-surgery",
      "name": "Antiseptic surgery",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1867,
      "deps": [
        "medical-anesthesia",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Microbial prevention in surgical treatment.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "germ-theory",
      "name": "Germ theory",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1860,
      "deps": [
        "compound-microscope",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Theory connecting microorganisms to disease.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "vaccination",
      "name": "Vaccination",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1796,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Preventive immunization through controlled exposure.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q192995"
    },
    {
      "id": "x-ray-imaging",
      "name": "X-ray imaging",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1895,
      "deps": [
        "photography",
        "electric-generator"
      ],
      "desc": "Imaging internal structures using X-rays.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "blood-typing",
      "name": "Blood typing",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1901,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "compound-microscope"
      ],
      "desc": "Classification of blood compatibility groups.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "antibiotic-penicillin",
      "name": "Antibiotic penicillin",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1941,
      "deps": [
        "germ-theory",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Clinical production and use of penicillin antibiotics.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q12190"
    },
    {
      "id": "dna-double-helix",
      "name": "DNA double helix",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1953,
      "deps": [
        "x-ray-imaging",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Molecular structural model of DNA.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q7430"
    },
    {
      "id": "dna-sequencing",
      "name": "DNA sequencing",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1977,
      "deps": [
        "dna-double-helix",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Determining the order of DNA bases.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q380546"
    },
    {
      "id": "pcr",
      "name": "PCR",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1983,
      "deps": [
        "dna-sequencing",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Enzymatic amplification of selected DNA segments.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q176996"
    },
    {
      "id": "crispr-genome-editing",
      "name": "CRISPR genome editing",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 2012,
      "deps": [
        "dna-sequencing",
        "pcr"
      ],
      "desc": "Programmable sequence-targeted genome editing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ct-scanner",
      "name": "CT scanner",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1971,
      "deps": [
        "x-ray-imaging",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Computational reconstruction of cross-sectional X-ray images.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mri-scanner",
      "name": "MRI scanner",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1977,
      "deps": [
        "atomic-clock",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Imaging based on magnetic resonance of nuclei.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q20205164"
    },
    {
      "id": "ultrasound-imaging",
      "name": "Ultrasound imaging",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1956,
      "deps": [
        "electronic-oscillator",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Medical imaging using reflected high-frequency sound.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "3d-printing",
      "name": "3D printing",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1984,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer",
        "machine-tool-lathe"
      ],
      "desc": "Additive fabrication of objects from digital designs.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q229367"
    },
    {
      "id": "cnc-machining",
      "name": "CNC machining",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1952,
      "deps": [
        "machine-tool-lathe",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Computer-directed automated machine tooling.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "industrial-robot",
      "name": "Industrial robot",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1961,
      "deps": [
        "electric-motor",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Programmable machine performing manufacturing movements.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1128980"
    },
    {
      "id": "laser",
      "name": "Laser",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1960,
      "deps": [
        "semiconductor-physics",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Coherent optical radiation generated by stimulated emission.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q38867"
    },
    {
      "id": "fiber-optic-communication",
      "name": "Fiber-optic communication",
      "cat": "Communication",
      "year": 1970,
      "deps": [
        "laser",
        "glass-making",
        "telephone"
      ],
      "desc": "Information transmission through glass fibers using light.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1529430"
    },
    {
      "id": "solar-photovoltaic-cell",
      "name": "Solar photovoltaic cell",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1954,
      "deps": [
        "semiconductor-physics",
        "transistor"
      ],
      "desc": "Semiconductor device converting light into electricity.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q58803"
    },
    {
      "id": "lithium-ion-battery",
      "name": "Lithium-ion battery",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1991,
      "deps": [
        "electric-battery",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "desc": "Rechargeable battery using lithium-ion intercalation.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2822895"
    },
    {
      "id": "wind-turbine",
      "name": "Wind turbine",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1887,
      "deps": [
        "windmill",
        "electric-generator"
      ],
      "desc": "Wind-driven generator producing electricity.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q49833"
    },
    {
      "id": "nuclear-reactor",
      "name": "Nuclear reactor",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1942,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "electric-generator"
      ],
      "desc": "Controlled nuclear chain reaction producing heat.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q80877"
    },
    {
      "id": "commercial-nuclear-power",
      "name": "Commercial nuclear power",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1954,
      "deps": [
        "nuclear-reactor",
        "electrical-grid"
      ],
      "desc": "Generation of electricity from reactor heat.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "neural-network-learning",
      "name": "Neural network learning",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1986,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer",
        "boolean-algebra"
      ],
      "desc": "Training artificial neural networks through gradient-based algorithms.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "transformer-architecture",
      "name": "Transformer architecture",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2017,
      "deps": [
        "neural-network-learning",
        "microprocessor"
      ],
      "desc": "Attention-based neural network architecture.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "large-language-model",
      "name": "Large language model",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2020,
      "deps": [
        "transformer-architecture",
        "world-wide-web"
      ],
      "desc": "Large-scale models trained to generate and process language.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q115305900"
    },
    {
      "id": "vulcanized-rubber-goods",
      "name": "Vulcanized rubber goods",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1840,
      "deps": [
        "rubber-vulcanization"
      ],
      "desc": "Durable elastic components for seals, footwear, belts and tires.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "conveyor-belt",
      "name": "Conveyor belt",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 1892,
      "deps": [
        "rubber-vulcanization"
      ],
      "desc": "Continuous material transport used in production and logistics.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q770135"
    },
    {
      "id": "electric-motor-vehicle",
      "name": "Electric motor vehicle",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1890,
      "deps": [
        "electric-motor"
      ],
      "desc": "Early road vehicles powered by electric motors.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "automobile-tire",
      "name": "Automobile tire",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1895,
      "deps": [
        "pneumatic-tire",
        "rubber-vulcanization"
      ],
      "desc": "Tires adapted for motor vehicles.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "aircraft-landing-gear",
      "name": "Aircraft landing gear",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1909,
      "deps": [
        "pneumatic-tire",
        "airplane"
      ],
      "desc": "Wheels and shock-absorbing mechanisms for aircraft takeoff and landing.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "synthetic-rubber",
      "name": "Synthetic rubber",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1931,
      "deps": [
        "rubber-vulcanization"
      ],
      "desc": "Industrial elastomers made from synthesized polymers.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q6714735"
    },
    {
      "id": "orbital-rocketry",
      "name": "Orbital rocketry",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1957,
      "deps": [
        "liquid-fuel-rocket"
      ],
      "desc": "Rocket systems achieving sustained Earth orbit.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q697175"
    },
    {
      "id": "spacecraft-guidance",
      "name": "Spacecraft guidance",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1960,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Guidance, navigation and control for spacecraft.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "human-spaceflight",
      "name": "Human spaceflight",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1961,
      "deps": [
        "orbital-rocketry",
        "spacecraft-guidance"
      ],
      "desc": "Crewed flight beyond Earth's atmosphere.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q752783"
    },
    {
      "id": "lunar-lander",
      "name": "Lunar lander",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1966,
      "deps": [
        "liquid-fuel-rocket",
        "spacecraft-guidance",
        "human-spaceflight"
      ],
      "desc": "Spacecraft designed to descend to and operate on the Moon.",
      "context": {
        "where": "United States; lunar surface (early robotic soft landing and later crewed Apollo missions)",
        "who": "Soviet Luna program (robotic lander); NASA Apollo program (crewed lunar lander); extensive international engineering communities",
        "claim": "Luna 9 made the first lunar soft landing in 1966; Apollo 11 made the first crewed lunar landing in 1969. The latter happened. Moon-hoax theories do not withstand the evidence, and the Kubrick tale is atrocious filmmaking history.",
        "factors": "Cold War public investment, rocketry, guidance computers, industrial supply chains, radio tracking, spacesuits, mission control and life support."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q6703812"
    },
    {
      "id": "space-station",
      "name": "Space station",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1971,
      "deps": [
        "orbital-rocketry",
        "human-spaceflight"
      ],
      "desc": "Orbital infrastructure for long-duration habitation and research.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q25956"
    },
    {
      "id": "planetary-probe",
      "name": "Planetary probe",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1962,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite",
        "spacecraft-guidance"
      ],
      "desc": "Robotic spacecraft sent to explore other celestial bodies.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "space-telescope",
      "name": "Space telescope",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1990,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite"
      ],
      "desc": "Astronomical observatory operating in space.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q148578"
    },
    {
      "id": "reusable-orbital-launcher",
      "name": "Reusable orbital launcher",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1981,
      "deps": [
        "orbital-rocketry",
        "spacecraft-guidance"
      ],
      "desc": "Orbital launch system with reusable flight hardware.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reusable-booster-landing",
      "name": "Reusable booster landing",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 2015,
      "deps": [
        "reusable-orbital-launcher",
        "spacecraft-guidance"
      ],
      "desc": "Controlled powered landing and recovery of orbital-class rocket boosters.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cubesat",
      "name": "CubeSat",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1999,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite",
        "integrated-circuit"
      ],
      "desc": "Standardized small satellite platform.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1142930"
    },
    {
      "id": "satellite-communications",
      "name": "Satellite communications",
      "cat": "Communications",
      "year": 1962,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite"
      ],
      "desc": "Relaying telecommunications signals via orbiting spacecraft.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "satellite-navigation",
      "name": "Satellite navigation",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1978,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite",
        "atomic-clock"
      ],
      "desc": "Space-based time-and-position signals underlying navigation systems.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q179435"
    },
    {
      "id": "earth-observation-satellite",
      "name": "Earth observation satellite",
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1972,
      "deps": [
        "artificial-satellite",
        "photography"
      ],
      "desc": "Satellites collecting imagery and environmental measurements.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q854845"
    },
    {
      "id": "lithium-ion-battery-pack",
      "name": "Lithium-ion battery pack",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1992,
      "deps": [
        "lithium-ion-battery",
        "integrated-circuit"
      ],
      "desc": "Packaged rechargeable cells with electrical management and protection.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "battery-management-system",
      "name": "Battery management system",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 1990,
      "deps": [
        "integrated-circuit",
        "lithium-ion-battery"
      ],
      "desc": "Monitoring and protective control of rechargeable battery packs.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q810938"
    },
    {
      "id": "battery-electric-vehicle",
      "name": "Battery electric vehicle",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 2008,
      "deps": [
        "electric-motor",
        "lithium-ion-battery-pack",
        "battery-management-system"
      ],
      "desc": "Modern high-volume rechargeable electric road vehicle architecture.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q1076882"
    },
    {
      "id": "grid-battery-storage",
      "name": "Grid battery storage",
      "cat": "Energy",
      "year": 2010,
      "deps": [
        "lithium-ion-battery-pack",
        "battery-management-system"
      ],
      "desc": "Grid-scale chemical energy storage for balancing power systems.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "portable-power-electronics",
      "name": "Portable power electronics",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2000,
      "deps": [
        "lithium-ion-battery-pack",
        "microprocessor"
      ],
      "desc": "Rechargeable consumer computing devices and tools.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "deep-learning",
      "name": "Deep learning",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2012,
      "deps": [
        "neural-network-learning",
        "graphics-processing-unit"
      ],
      "desc": "Large multilayer neural-network training enabled by compute and data.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q197536"
    },
    {
      "id": "graphics-processing-unit",
      "name": "Graphics processing unit",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1999,
      "deps": [
        "integrated-circuit",
        "microprocessor"
      ],
      "desc": "Massively parallel processors originally developed for computer graphics.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q183484"
    },
    {
      "id": "machine-translation",
      "name": "Machine translation",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1954,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer",
        "writing"
      ],
      "desc": "Computational translation between languages.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q79798"
    },
    {
      "id": "speech-recognition",
      "name": "Speech recognition",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 1952,
      "deps": [
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Machine conversion of speech signals into recognized words.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q189436"
    },
    {
      "id": "generative-image-model",
      "name": "Generative image model",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2022,
      "deps": [
        "deep-learning",
        "graphics-processing-unit"
      ],
      "desc": "Models synthesizing images from learned patterns and prompts.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "multimodal-foundation-model",
      "name": "Multimodal foundation model",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2023,
      "deps": [
        "large-language-model",
        "deep-learning"
      ],
      "desc": "Foundation models integrating text with images, audio or other modalities.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "retrieval-augmented-generation",
      "name": "Retrieval augmented generation",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2020,
      "deps": [
        "large-language-model",
        "search-engine"
      ],
      "desc": "Language generation grounded in externally retrieved documents.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ai-coding-assistant",
      "name": "AI coding assistant",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2021,
      "deps": [
        "large-language-model",
        "stored-program-computer"
      ],
      "desc": "Tools that suggest and generate program code from learned patterns.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ai-agent-workflows",
      "name": "AI agent workflows",
      "cat": "Computing",
      "year": 2024,
      "deps": [
        "large-language-model",
        "world-wide-web"
      ],
      "desc": "LLM-based systems orchestrating tools and multi-step tasks.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "artificial-general-intelligence",
      "name": "Artificial general intelligence",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2040,
      "deps": [
        "multimodal-foundation-model",
        "ai-agent-workflows"
      ],
      "desc": "Speculative: broadly capable general intelligence; no established achieved date or agreed test.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2264109"
    },
    {
      "id": "commercial-fusion-power",
      "name": "Commercial fusion power",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2045,
      "deps": [],
      "desc": "Speculative: economically viable grid-connected fusion electricity.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lunar-resource-utilization",
      "name": "Lunar resource utilization",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2040,
      "deps": [
        "lunar-lander",
        "industrial-robot",
        "spacecraft-guidance"
      ],
      "desc": "Speculative: extracting or processing useful resources on the Moon.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "permanent-lunar-habitat",
      "name": "Permanent lunar habitat",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2045,
      "deps": [
        "lunar-lander",
        "space-station",
        "lunar-resource-utilization"
      ],
      "desc": "Speculative: sustained long-duration habitation on the Moon.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mars-surface-habitat",
      "name": "Mars surface habitat",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2050,
      "deps": [
        "planetary-probe",
        "space-station"
      ],
      "desc": "Speculative: crew-supporting surface infrastructure on Mars.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "autonomous-scientific-discovery",
      "name": "Autonomous scientific discovery",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2035,
      "deps": [
        "ai-agent-workflows",
        "industrial-robot"
      ],
      "desc": "Speculative: AI-directed experimental cycles with human oversight.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "fault-tolerant-quantum-computing",
      "name": "Fault-tolerant quantum computing",
      "cat": "Future",
      "year": 2040,
      "deps": [],
      "desc": "Speculative: practical scalable error-corrected quantum systems.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Geographical origin not yet researched in this edition. Multiple independent origins may exist.",
        "who": "Attribution pending source-backed research.",
        "claim": "This record is a provisional milestone, not a definitive first-inventor claim.",
        "factors": "Material resources, available knowledge, local needs, skilled workers, exchange networks and institutional support may all matter. Specific evidence needs research."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "nasa",
      "name": "NASA",
      "deps": [
        "liquid-fuel-rocket",
        "artificial-satellite"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1958,
      "desc": "An institution that funded missions, laboratories, contractors and technology transfer.",
      "kind": "Institution",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1958",
      "story": {
        "before": "Rocketry and satellites already existed.",
        "after": "Mission constraints created research problems whose solutions could travel into civilian life.",
        "caveat": "NASA is an institution, not an invention. A funding or transfer link is not a claim that NASA invented every descendant.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · About Spinoff",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "liquid-fuel-rocket": "built on",
        "artificial-satellite": "built on"
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q23548"
    },
    {
      "id": "nasa-transfer",
      "name": "NASA technology transfer",
      "deps": [
        "nasa"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1964,
      "desc": "Research knowledge, designs and expertise move beyond the original mission.",
      "kind": "Program",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1964",
      "story": {
        "before": "Useful mission-specific knowledge could remain inside a project.",
        "after": "Companies can adapt NASA-related technology into products and services.",
        "caveat": "Commercial development also depends on private engineering, manufacturing and markets.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · About Spinoff",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "organized"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "apollo-core-drill",
      "name": "Apollo lunar core drill",
      "deps": [
        "nasa",
        "lunar-lander"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1971,
      "desc": "A self-contained drill had to collect lunar samples with limited power.",
      "kind": "Technology",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "Apollo era",
      "story": {
        "before": "A cord and nearby wall outlet were unavailable on the Moon.",
        "after": "Motor optimization reduced power demands in a portable drilling system.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Spinoff from a Moon tool",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9520"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "commissioned",
        "lunar-lander": "commissioned"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "efficient-cordless-motor",
      "name": "Power-efficient cordless motors",
      "deps": [
        "apollo-core-drill"
      ],
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1971,
      "desc": "Computer-aided motor refinement transferred into cordless products.",
      "kind": "Technology",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1971",
      "story": {
        "before": "Battery capacity constrained useful work away from mains power.",
        "after": "The motor design work could be refined for household and professional tools.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Spinoff from a Moon tool",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9520"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "apollo-core-drill": "improved"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dustbuster",
      "name": "Cordless handheld vacuum",
      "deps": [
        "efficient-cordless-motor"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 1979,
      "desc": "The Dustbuster brought one Moon-tool technology path into household cleaning.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1979",
      "story": {
        "before": "Cleaning small spills commonly involved larger equipment and a power cord.",
        "after": "A rechargeable, self-contained vacuum could be picked up for small jobs.",
        "caveat": "NASA did not invent all cordless tools or vacuum cleaners.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Spinoff from a Moon tool",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9520"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "efficient-cordless-motor": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cordless-orthopedic-tools",
      "name": "Cordless orthopedic instruments",
      "deps": [
        "efficient-cordless-motor"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 1981,
      "desc": "Related cordless engineering reached orthopedic instruments.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 1981",
      "story": {
        "before": "A tether restricts where a powered instrument can be used.",
        "after": "Self-contained powered instruments offered another application of the cordless design work.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Spinoff from a Moon tool",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9520"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "efficient-cordless-motor": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "nasa-aircraft-safety",
      "name": "NASA aircraft-seat safety research",
      "deps": [
        "nasa",
        "airplane"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1966,
      "desc": "Aviation safety research sought better impact protection.",
      "kind": "Program",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1966",
      "story": {
        "before": "Seats needed improved energy absorption in an accident.",
        "after": "A material problem in crash protection led to a new cushioning foam.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Forty-year-old foam",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2005/ch_6.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "funded",
        "airplane": "funded"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "memory-foam",
      "name": "Memory foam",
      "deps": [
        "nasa-aircraft-safety"
      ],
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1966,
      "desc": "Viscoelastic foam yields under pressure and slowly returns to shape.",
      "kind": "Technology",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1966",
      "story": {
        "before": "A cushion had to balance softness with impact absorption.",
        "after": "One material could conform to a body while absorbing energy.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Forty-year-old foam",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2005/ch_6.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa-aircraft-safety": "developed"
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q2662695"
    },
    {
      "id": "pressure-distributing-cushions",
      "name": "Pressure-distributing cushions",
      "deps": [
        "memory-foam"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2005,
      "desc": "Body-conforming support became useful beyond aircraft.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2005",
      "story": {
        "before": "Concentrated pressure can make prolonged sitting uncomfortable.",
        "after": "The foam spread contact pressure across a larger area.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Forty-year-old foam",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2005/ch_6.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "memory-foam": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "orthopedic-seating",
      "name": "Orthopedic seating and mattress pads",
      "deps": [
        "pressure-distributing-cushions"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2005,
      "desc": "Foam found uses in patient-support products.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2005",
      "story": {
        "before": "Long periods in bed or a wheelchair create demanding support needs.",
        "after": "Manufacturers adapted the cushioning material into seating and pads.",
        "caveat": "Historical product use, not a medical recommendation or guaranteed health outcome.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Foam in seating and apparel",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2019/pdf/Spinoff2019.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pressure-distributing-cushions": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "protective-foam-gear",
      "name": "Impact-absorbing protective gear",
      "deps": [
        "memory-foam"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2005,
      "desc": "The cushioning approach spread into helmets, racing and other protective applications.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2005",
      "story": {
        "before": "Impact energy needs to be managed rather than passed straight through.",
        "after": "Manufacturers incorporated the foam into equipment far outside aviation.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Forty-year-old foam",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2005/ch_6.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "memory-foam": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "conforming-apparel",
      "name": "Body-conforming apparel",
      "deps": [
        "memory-foam"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2019,
      "desc": "Thin reformulated foam reached garments.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2019",
      "story": {
        "before": "A thick aircraft cushion was unsuitable for clothing.",
        "after": "Further manufacturing work made thin, supportive sheets possible.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Foam in seating and apparel",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2019/pdf/Spinoff2019.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "memory-foam": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "jpl-imaging",
      "name": "JPL miniature-camera research",
      "deps": [
        "nasa",
        "mos-transistor"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1990,
      "desc": "Space imaging required small cameras with modest power demands.",
      "kind": "Program",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "Early 1990s",
      "story": {
        "before": "Existing digital sensors imposed size and power constraints.",
        "after": "Researchers pursued a different sensor architecture for compact imaging.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · CMOS sensors and phone cameras",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "researched",
        "mos-transistor": "researched"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cmos-active-pixel",
      "name": "CMOS active-pixel image sensor",
      "deps": [
        "jpl-imaging"
      ],
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1993,
      "desc": "Amplification within an active-pixel architecture helped make CMOS imaging practical.",
      "kind": "Technology",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1990s research",
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier CMOS imagers struggled with signal noise.",
        "after": "The resulting approach supported compact, low-power digital cameras.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · CMOS sensors and phone cameras",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "jpl-imaging": "developed"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "camera-phone-imaging",
      "name": "Camera-phone imaging",
      "deps": [
        "cmos-active-pixel",
        "mobile-telephone"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2000,
      "desc": "A space-research sensor lineage reached the camera in a pocket.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "2000s adoption",
      "story": {
        "before": "A phone had very little room or power for a camera.",
        "after": "Compact CMOS imaging supported widespread camera-phone adoption.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · CMOS sensors and phone cameras",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "cmos-active-pixel": "helped enable",
        "mobile-telephone": "helped enable"
      },
      "wikidataId": "Q210820"
    },
    {
      "id": "everyday-video-capture",
      "name": "Everyday digital video capture",
      "deps": [
        "camera-phone-imaging"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2017,
      "desc": "Small cameras made photography and video available in many more situations.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2017",
      "story": {
        "before": "Recording usually meant carrying a dedicated device.",
        "after": "A camera could be present wherever a phone was carried.",
        "caveat": "CMOS sensors are one contributor; networks, software and other inventions also matter.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · CMOS sensors and phone cameras",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "camera-phone-imaging": "expanded"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "space-radiant-insulation",
      "name": "Spacecraft radiant-barrier insulation",
      "deps": [
        "nasa"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 1964,
      "desc": "Thin metallized materials manage radiant heat with little mass.",
      "kind": "Technology",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1964",
      "story": {
        "before": "Heavy insulation conflicts with launch mass constraints.",
        "after": "Reflective layers provided another route to thermal control.",
        "caveat": "Reflective insulation had predecessors; this branch concerns NASA-developed material systems and their adaptations.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Reflective space insulation",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Reflecting-on-Lifes-Daily-Challenges"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "advanced"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "emergency-blanket",
      "name": "Emergency space blanket",
      "deps": [
        "space-radiant-insulation"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 1964,
      "desc": "A lightweight reflective sheet folds into an emergency kit.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1964",
      "story": {
        "before": "Bulky insulation is difficult to carry everywhere.",
        "after": "Compact thermal protection became practical for emergency and outdoor use.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Emergency blankets",
            "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/emergency-blankets/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "space-radiant-insulation": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "finish-line-blankets",
      "name": "Marathon finish-line wraps",
      "deps": [
        "emergency-blanket"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2022,
      "desc": "The reflective material found a conspicuous everyday role after races.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2022",
      "story": {
        "before": "A runner may need warmth after finishing without carrying a coat during the race.",
        "after": "Light wraps can be distributed at the finish.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Reflective space insulation",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Reflecting-on-Lifes-Daily-Challenges"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "emergency-blanket": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reflective-jacket-linings",
      "name": "Reflective jacket linings",
      "deps": [
        "finish-line-blankets"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2016,
      "desc": "A runner adapted the blanket idea into lightweight jackets.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "Company launch, 2016",
      "story": {
        "before": "A disposable wrap is awkward for ordinary daily wear.",
        "after": "A reflective lining could become part of a wearable garment.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Reflective space insulation",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Reflecting-on-Lifes-Daily-Challenges"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "finish-line-blankets": "inspired"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "keg-insulation",
      "name": "Portable keg insulation",
      "deps": [
        "space-radiant-insulation"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2018,
      "desc": "The same thermal lineage also reached cold-drink insulation.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2018",
      "story": {
        "before": "Keeping a keg cold can call for bulky material.",
        "after": "A lightweight reflective cover offered a compact alternative.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Space insulation and cold drinks",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2018/cg_6.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "space-radiant-insulation": "adapted into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "aerospace-coatings",
      "name": "Aerospace abrasion-resistant coatings",
      "deps": [
        "nasa"
      ],
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1983,
      "desc": "Research into aerospace plastic surfaces helped improve optical coatings.",
      "kind": "Technology",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Research predates 1983",
      "story": {
        "before": "Plastic surfaces scratch even when they offer weight advantages.",
        "after": "Coatings could protect plastic while retaining its useful properties.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Scratch-resistant lenses",
            "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/scratch-resistant-uv-reflecting-lenses/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "advanced"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "scratch-resistant-eyewear",
      "name": "Scratch-resistant eyewear",
      "deps": [
        "aerospace-coatings",
        "eyeglasses"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 1983,
      "desc": "Commercial lens makers combined licensed NASA work with their own technology.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": false,
      "dateLabel": "1983",
      "story": {
        "before": "Everyday wear could damage plastic optical surfaces.",
        "after": "Aerospace coating knowledge contributed to more durable lenses.",
        "caveat": "NASA did not invent eyeglasses or every scratch-resistant coating.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Sunglass lens transfer",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9031"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "aerospace-coatings": "licensed into",
        "eyeglasses": "licensed into"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "space-fire-respirator",
      "name": "Spacecraft fire respirator research",
      "deps": [
        "nasa"
      ],
      "cat": "Space",
      "year": 2020,
      "desc": "Orion fire-response requirements informed filter development.",
      "kind": "Program",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2020",
      "story": {
        "before": "After a spacecraft fire, contamination may persist beyond extinguishing the flames.",
        "after": "Research to extend respirator performance fed into terrestrial filter work.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Space masks and terrestrial fire equipment",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2020/ps_4.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "nasa": "researched"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "terrestrial-wool-filters",
      "name": "Terrestrial wool fire filters",
      "deps": [
        "space-fire-respirator"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 2020,
      "desc": "A supplier carried lessons from spacecraft respiratory protection into Earth products.",
      "kind": "Application",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Documented by 2020",
      "story": {
        "before": "Fire filters face demanding particle and gas-control requirements.",
        "after": "NASA collaboration informed a company’s firefighter filter line.",
        "caveat": "A documented supplier transfer, not the invention of firefighting or breathing apparatus.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA · Space masks and terrestrial fire equipment",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2020/ps_4.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "space-fire-respirator": "informed"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ceramic-liquid-storage",
      "name": "Store water in a shaped vessel",
      "deps": [
        "pottery"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "A fired-clay body could become a container designed for liquids.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Container materials, shapes and local resources limited the available options.",
        "after": "Potters could make vessels suited to storing water.",
        "caveat": "Pottery was not the first container. Porosity, temper and surface treatment affect water retention.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Florida Museum · Ceramic vessels and their uses",
            "https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/science/clear-as-mud-the-origins-of-early-pottery-in-the-lucayan-islands/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pottery": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ceramic-water-carrying",
      "name": "Carry water in ceramic vessels",
      "deps": [
        "ceramic-liquid-storage"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Container shape could be tailored to moving water.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Water carrying already existed using other materials.",
        "after": "Ceramic traditions added another locally manufacturable carrying vessel.",
        "caveat": "Ceramics are heavy and breakable; they did not universally replace skins, gourds, baskets or wood.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Florida Museum · Ceramic vessels and their uses",
            "https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/science/clear-as-mud-the-origins-of-early-pottery-in-the-lucayan-islands/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "ceramic-liquid-storage": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ceramic-cooking",
      "name": "Cook food in ceramic vessels",
      "deps": [
        "pottery"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Heat-resistant vessels created a useful cooking surface and volume.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "An open fire alone does not provide a container for a liquid meal.",
        "after": "A vessel could hold ingredients while heat transformed them.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Craig et al. · Early pottery food residues",
            "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12109"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pottery": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "aquatic-food-processing",
      "name": "Process fish and aquatic foods",
      "deps": [
        "ceramic-cooking"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Food residues preserve evidence of early culinary uses.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Direct archaeological evidence for a vanished meal is difficult to recover.",
        "after": "Some early Japanese pots retain chemical traces of aquatic foods.",
        "caveat": "Evidence from particular sites is not a claim that all early pottery served the same purpose.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Craig et al. · Early pottery food residues",
            "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12109"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "ceramic-cooking": "documented use"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ceramic-food-storage",
      "name": "Store food in ceramic containers",
      "deps": [
        "pottery"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Fired vessels offered a durable form for keeping food.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Food stores need protection and a suitable container.",
        "after": "Pottery traditions developed storage as well as cooking forms.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Indiana State Museum · Native American pottery",
            "https://www.indianamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ED_Trunk_Manual_Native_American_2020_Links.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pottery": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "specialized-fermentation-jars",
      "name": "Specialized fermentation jars",
      "deps": [
        "pottery"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Some vessels were tailored to liquid processing and fermentation.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Brewing requires managing ingredients, containers and a process.",
        "after": "Early Neolithic Chinese evidence links specialized jars with alcohol production.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Liu et al. · Pottery and fermentation",
            "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31160461/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pottery": "documented use"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cereal-fermentation",
      "name": "Cereal-based fermentation",
      "deps": [
        "specialized-fermentation-jars"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Cereals could enter distinct malt- and starter-based processes.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Raw cereal and a finished fermented drink require different processing knowledge.",
        "after": "Residues show multiple fermentation techniques in early north China.",
        "caveat": "People did not invent microbial fermentation; they learned ways to manage it.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Liu et al. · Pottery and fermentation",
            "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31160461/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "specialized-fermentation-jars": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "longer-lived-food-products",
      "name": "Transform perishable foods for storage",
      "deps": [
        "ceramic-cooking"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Processing in vessels could produce foods suited to keeping.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Fresh fish and milk are perishable.",
        "after": "Pottery could participate in transforming ingredients into products stored or exchanged later.",
        "caveat": "A proposed historical role, not a universal explanation for pottery adoption.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Craig · Pottery, food processing and storage",
            "https://doi.org/10.1086/716610"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "ceramic-cooking": "supported"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "stored-food-exchange",
      "name": "Exchange processed food products",
      "deps": [
        "longer-lived-food-products"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "A keeping product can enter a different rhythm of consumption and exchange.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Immediate consumption constrains when a food is used.",
        "after": "Processing and storage can separate production from later use or exchange.",
        "caveat": "This is an interpretive consequence; local evidence is needed for particular societies.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Craig · Pottery, food processing and storage",
            "https://doi.org/10.1086/716610"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "longer-lived-food-products": "may support"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "clay-figurines",
      "name": "Ceramic figurines and small objects",
      "deps": [
        "pottery"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "The material was useful for much more than pots.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Container-making and small-object shaping present different design possibilities.",
        "after": "Potters also made figurines, beads, pipes and miniature vessels.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Indiana State Museum · Native American pottery",
            "https://www.indianamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ED_Trunk_Manual_Native_American_2020_Links.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pottery": "material application"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "miniature-pots",
      "name": "Miniature ceramic vessels",
      "deps": [
        "clay-figurines"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "Pot-making could also be explored at a miniature scale.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "A small vessel need not have the same use as a large storage pot.",
        "after": "Miniature forms broadened the repertoire of ceramic objects.",
        "caveat": "A miniature object is not automatically a child’s toy; its use needs evidence.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Indiana State Museum · Native American pottery",
            "https://www.indianamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ED_Trunk_Manual_Native_American_2020_Links.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "clay-figurines": "enabled"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ceramic-decoration",
      "name": "Patterned and decorated ceramics",
      "deps": [
        "pottery"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "A useful vessel also became a surface for expression.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "A vessel’s basic shape does not require decoration.",
        "after": "Carving, impressions, pigments and finishing created distinctive surfaces.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Indiana State Museum · Native American pottery",
            "https://www.indianamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ED_Trunk_Manual_Native_American_2020_Links.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "pottery": "material application"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "controlled-firing",
      "name": "Control a ceramic firing",
      "deps": [
        "kiln"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -8000,
      "desc": "Enclosing a firing changed control over heat and atmosphere.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "Open firings and early kilns could produce uneven colors and firing effects.",
        "after": "Improved firing techniques supported different finishes and ceramic bodies.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Metropolitan Museum · Ancient Peruvian pots",
            "https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Containing_the_Divine_Ancient_Peruvian_Pots.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "kiln": "improved"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "specialized-ceramic-surfaces",
      "name": "Specialized ceramic surfaces",
      "deps": [
        "controlled-firing"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -8000,
      "desc": "Different firing conditions altered what a potter could reliably produce.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "A desired appearance may be difficult to repeat in a less controlled firing.",
        "after": "Improved technique expanded surface and color possibilities.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Metropolitan Museum · Ancient Peruvian pots",
            "https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Containing_the_Divine_Ancient_Peruvian_Pots.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "controlled-firing": "supported"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "stoneware-water-coolers",
      "name": "Stoneware water coolers",
      "deps": [
        "ceramic-liquid-storage"
      ],
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": -18000,
      "desc": "A familiar material became a household water appliance.",
      "kind": "Capability",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Use developed over time · date varies",
      "story": {
        "before": "A simple storage jar does not include all the conveniences of a cooler.",
        "after": "Later potteries made dedicated water coolers and food-storage containers.",
        "caveat": "",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Smithsonian · Stoneware water cooler",
            "https://www.americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_573532"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "relations": {
        "ceramic-liquid-storage": "later application"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pasteurization",
      "name": "Pasteurization",
      "cat": "Food systems",
      "year": 1865,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "thermometer"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Controlled heating reduces harmful or spoilage microorganisms in foods and drinks.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Louis Pasteur developed and patented a process for wine; later milk applications have their own history.",
        "claim": "Louis Pasteur developed and patented a process for wine; later milk applications have their own history.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Controlled heating reduces harmful or spoilage microorganisms in foods and drinks.",
        "caveat": "Louis Pasteur developed and patented a process for wine; later milk applications have their own history.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Institut national de la propriété industrielle · Pasteurization (1865)",
            "https://www.inpi.fr/la-pasteurisation-ou-debacterisation-1865"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q58148"
    },
    {
      "id": "homogenization",
      "name": "Homogenization",
      "cat": "Food systems",
      "year": 1899,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Mechanical processing disperses small droplets through a liquid, reducing cream separation in milk.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Auguste Gaulin patented a milk homogenizer in France in 1899. Homogenization changes physical dispersion; pasteurization addresses microorganisms.",
        "claim": "Auguste Gaulin patented a milk homogenizer in France in 1899. Homogenization changes physical dispersion; pasteurization addresses microorganisms.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Mechanical processing disperses small droplets through a liquid, reducing cream separation in milk.",
        "caveat": "Auguste Gaulin patented a milk homogenizer in France in 1899. Homogenization changes physical dispersion; pasteurization addresses microorganisms.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "American Society of Baking · Homogenization",
            "https://asbe.org/article/homogenization/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q1165158"
    },
    {
      "id": "uranium-discovery",
      "name": "Uranium identified",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1789,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "kind": "Discovery",
      "desc": "Identification of uranium opened a research history that later connected to radioactivity and nuclear energy.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Klaproth identified a new element in an oxide in 1789. Isolation of the metal followed in 1841; these are distinct milestones.",
        "claim": "Klaproth identified a new element in an oxide in 1789. Isolation of the metal followed in 1841; these are distinct milestones.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Identification of uranium opened a research history that later connected to radioactivity and nuclear energy.",
        "caveat": "Klaproth identified a new element in an oxide in 1789. Isolation of the metal followed in 1841; these are distinct milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Royal Society of Chemistry · Uranium",
            "https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/92/uranium"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q1098",
      "relatedIds": [
        "radioactivity",
        "nuclear-fission"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "radioactivity",
      "name": "Radioactivity discovered",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1896,
      "deps": [
        "uranium-discovery",
        "photography"
      ],
      "kind": "Discovery",
      "desc": "Evidence that uranium emitted radiation transformed the study of matter and the atom.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Henri Becquerel observed effects on photographic plates. The later science drew on many researchers, including Marie and Pierre Curie.",
        "claim": "Henri Becquerel observed effects on photographic plates. The later science drew on many researchers, including Marie and Pierre Curie.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Evidence that uranium emitted radiation transformed the study of matter and the atom.",
        "caveat": "Henri Becquerel observed effects on photographic plates. The later science drew on many researchers, including Marie and Pierre Curie.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "Royal Society of Chemistry · Uranium history",
            "https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/92/uranium"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q3332922"
    },
    {
      "id": "nuclear-fission",
      "name": "Nuclear fission",
      "cat": "Science",
      "year": 1938,
      "deps": [
        "radioactivity",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "kind": "Discovery",
      "desc": "Heavy atomic nuclei can split, releasing energy. This discovery led toward reactors and nuclear weapons.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Hahn and Strassmann produced chemical evidence in December 1938; Meitner and Frisch explained it in early 1939. Attribution requires both contributions.",
        "claim": "Hahn and Strassmann produced chemical evidence in December 1938; Meitner and Frisch explained it in early 1939. Attribution requires both contributions.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Heavy atomic nuclei can split, releasing energy. This discovery led toward reactors and nuclear weapons.",
        "caveat": "Hahn and Strassmann produced chemical evidence in December 1938; Meitner and Frisch explained it in early 1939. Attribution requires both contributions.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "US Department of Energy · Discovery of fission",
            "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1890s-1939/discovery_fission.htm"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q11429"
    },
    {
      "id": "plutonium",
      "name": "Plutonium identified",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 1940,
      "deps": [
        "uranium-discovery",
        "scientific-experimentation"
      ],
      "kind": "Discovery",
      "desc": "Identification of a transuranium element expanded nuclear research, with later uses in nuclear technology and spacecraft power.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Synthesis and identification span 1940–1941. Isotopes have different applications; the element is not equivalent to one specific isotope.",
        "claim": "Synthesis and identification span 1940–1941. Isotopes have different applications; the element is not equivalent to one specific isotope.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Identification of a transuranium element expanded nuclear research, with later uses in nuclear technology and spacecraft power.",
        "caveat": "Synthesis and identification span 1940–1941. Isotopes have different applications; the element is not equivalent to one specific isotope.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "US Department of Energy · Atomic History, Chapter 2",
            "https://www.srs.gov/general/about/50anniv/Chapter%2002.pdf"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "relatedIds": [
        "nuclear-weapons"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nuclear-weapons",
      "name": "Nuclear weapons",
      "cat": "Society",
      "year": 1945,
      "deps": [
        "nuclear-fission",
        "plutonium"
      ],
      "kind": "Application",
      "desc": "Nuclear fission became a weapon, with catastrophic human consequences and lasting effects on global politics.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "The first nuclear test occurred in July 1945. Different weapons used different materials; these graph links describe historical enabling research, not a construction recipe.",
        "claim": "The first nuclear test occurred in July 1945. Different weapons used different materials; these graph links describe historical enabling research, not a construction recipe.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Nuclear fission became a weapon, with catastrophic human consequences and lasting effects on global politics.",
        "caveat": "The first nuclear test occurred in July 1945. Different weapons used different materials; these graph links describe historical enabling research, not a construction recipe.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "US Department of Energy · Manhattan Project history",
            "https://www.energy.gov/em/manhattan-project-department-energy-formation-1939-1977"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q12802"
    },
    {
      "id": "penicillin-discovery",
      "name": "Penicillin observed",
      "cat": "Medicine",
      "year": 1928,
      "deps": [
        "scientific-experimentation",
        "germ-theory"
      ],
      "kind": "Discovery",
      "desc": "Observation of antibacterial action was an early step toward making penicillin a usable medicine.",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Fleming’s observation preceded the Oxford team’s purification, testing and development. Discovery and clinical availability are separate milestones.",
        "claim": "Fleming’s observation preceded the Oxford team’s purification, testing and development. Discovery and clinical availability are separate milestones.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Observation of antibacterial action was an early step toward making penicillin a usable medicine.",
        "caveat": "Fleming’s observation preceded the Oxford team’s purification, testing and development. Discovery and clinical availability are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "University of Oxford · The Discovery of Penicillin",
            "https://www.path.ox.ac.uk/centenary/the-discovery-of-penicillin/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q12190"
    },
    {
      "id": "safer-milk",
      "name": "Safer milk supply",
      "cat": "Food systems",
      "year": 1865,
      "deps": [
        "pasteurization"
      ],
      "kind": "Capability",
      "desc": "Pasteurization became one part of a wider system for reducing milk-borne illness.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Application developed over time",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "Application developed over time; clean handling, equipment and distribution also matter.",
        "claim": "Application developed over time; clean handling, equipment and distribution also matter.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Pasteurization became one part of a wider system for reducing milk-borne illness.",
        "caveat": "Application developed over time; clean handling, equipment and distribution also matter.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "US Food and Drug Administration · Keeping milk safe",
            "https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/keeping-your-milk-safe-grass-glass"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q58148"
    },
    {
      "id": "stable-food-emulsions",
      "name": "Stable food emulsions",
      "cat": "Food systems",
      "year": 1899,
      "deps": [
        "homogenization"
      ],
      "kind": "Capability",
      "desc": "Smaller dispersed droplets can help food producers maintain a consistent mixture.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Application developed over time",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for geographical scope and attribution.",
        "who": "This represents a class of applications, not a single invention with a universally applicable first date.",
        "claim": "This represents a class of applications, not a single invention with a universally applicable first date.",
        "factors": "See the documented source; graph links summarize recorded knowledge and enabling techniques."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier knowledge and practices did not yet include this documented milestone.",
        "after": "Smaller dispersed droplets can help food producers maintain a consistent mixture.",
        "caveat": "This represents a class of applications, not a single invention with a universally applicable first date.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "American Society of Baking · Homogenization",
            "https://asbe.org/article/homogenization/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "edgeCaveat": "Enabling relationships are editorial summaries; each link is not a claim of sole causation.",
      "wikidataId": "Q1165158"
    },
    {
      "id": "algebra",
      "name": "Algebra",
      "cat": "Knowledge",
      "year": 820,
      "deps": [
        "numeral-notation",
        "geometry"
      ],
      "kind": "Knowledge",
      "desc": "Systematic work with unknown quantities and equations connects practical calculation to later mathematics.",
      "dateLabel": "c. 820 CE · al-Khwarizmi’s treatise",
      "context": {
        "where": "Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate (present-day Iraq); earlier traditions across several societies.",
        "who": "Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi and a long, cross-cultural mathematical tradition.",
        "claim": "An influential Arabic-language treatise was written in Abbasid Baghdad. Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek and Indian traditions contain much earlier algebraic methods; this is not a claim of a single invention.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Systematic work with unknown quantities and equations connects practical calculation to later mathematics.",
        "caveat": "An influential Arabic-language treatise was written in Abbasid Baghdad. Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek and Indian traditions contain much earlier algebraic methods; this is not a claim of a single invention.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "University of St Andrews · Al-Khwarizmi",
            "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary",
      "wikidataId": "Q3968"
    },
    {
      "id": "turbofan",
      "name": "Turbofan engine",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "jet-engine"
      ],
      "kind": "Invention",
      "desc": "A fan around a gas-turbine core moves additional air, improving useful propulsion efficiency.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "A later branch of gas-turbine propulsion; bypass designs and applications evolved over decades.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "A fan around a gas-turbine core moves additional air, improving useful propulsion efficiency.",
        "caveat": "A later branch of gas-turbine propulsion; bypass designs and applications evolved over decades.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Glenn · Turbofan engine",
            "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/etft.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "high-bypass-turbofan",
      "name": "High-bypass turbofan",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "turbofan"
      ],
      "kind": "Invention",
      "desc": "A larger flow around the core supports efficient propulsion for many airliners.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "This records the engine family and its application, not a single manufacturer’s first model.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "A larger flow around the core supports efficient propulsion for many airliners.",
        "caveat": "This records the engine family and its application, not a single manufacturer’s first model.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Glenn · Turbofan engine",
            "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/etft.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "turboprop",
      "name": "Turboprop engine",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "jet-engine"
      ],
      "kind": "Invention",
      "desc": "A gas-turbine core supplies power to a propeller rather than relying mainly on jet exhaust.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Gas-turbine knowledge branches into different propulsion architectures.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "A gas-turbine core supplies power to a propeller rather than relying mainly on jet exhaust.",
        "caveat": "Gas-turbine knowledge branches into different propulsion architectures.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Glenn · Turboprop engine",
            "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/aturbp.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "turboshaft",
      "name": "Turboshaft engine",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "jet-engine"
      ],
      "kind": "Invention",
      "desc": "Gas-turbine power can be delivered through a shaft, including to helicopter rotor systems.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "An architectural relative of other gas turbines, with many designs and applications.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Gas-turbine power can be delivered through a shaft, including to helicopter rotor systems.",
        "caveat": "An architectural relative of other gas turbines, with many designs and applications.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Glenn · Gas turbine propulsion",
            "https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/turbine-engines/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "gas-turbine-airliner",
      "name": "Efficient jet air travel",
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "high-bypass-turbofan"
      ],
      "kind": "Capability",
      "desc": "High-bypass propulsion helped make long-distance air transport more efficient.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Air travel also depends on infrastructure, aircraft design, fuels and institutions.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "High-bypass propulsion helped make long-distance air transport more efficient.",
        "caveat": "Air travel also depends on infrastructure, aircraft design, fuels and institutions.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Glenn · Turbofan engine",
            "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/etft.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "turbocharger",
      "name": "Turbocharger",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1905,
      "deps": [
        "internal-combustion-engine"
      ],
      "kind": "Invention",
      "desc": "An exhaust-driven turbine powers a compressor that supplies more air to an engine.",
      "dateLabel": "1905 patent · later practical development",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Turbocharging predates the modern turbojet. It must not be presented as a descendant of the 1930 jet-engine milestone.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "An exhaust-driven turbine powers a compressor that supplies more air to an engine.",
        "caveat": "Turbocharging predates the modern turbojet. It must not be presented as a descendant of the 1930 jet-engine milestone.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "MWM · History of the turbocharger",
            "https://www.mwm.net/en/news/news-releases/mwm_moments/first-mwm-diesel-engine-equipped-with-turbocharger/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "turbocharged-diesel",
      "name": "Turbocharged diesel propulsion",
      "cat": "Transport",
      "year": 1925,
      "deps": [
        "turbocharger"
      ],
      "kind": "Application",
      "desc": "Exhaust-energy recovery increased useful power from diesel engines.",
      "dateLabel": "1920s practical milestones",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Different engine builders and applications adopted the principle at different times.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Exhaust-energy recovery increased useful power from diesel engines.",
        "caveat": "Different engine builders and applications adopted the principle at different times.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "MWM · History of the turbocharger",
            "https://www.mwm.net/en/news/news-releases/mwm_moments/first-mwm-diesel-engine-equipped-with-turbocharger/"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-filtration",
      "name": "Water filtration",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Porous media and filters remove selected particles and contaminants from water.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Filtration is an ancient, diverse family of practices; this entry avoids inventing one first date.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Porous media and filters remove selected particles and contaminants from water.",
        "caveat": "Filtration is an ancient, diverse family of practices; this entry avoids inventing one first date.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-coagulation",
      "name": "Coagulation in water treatment",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Treatment can bring fine particles together so later steps can remove them.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "The edge represents an integrated treatment sequence, not a historical claim that filtration alone invented coagulation.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Treatment can bring fine particles together so later steps can remove them.",
        "caveat": "The edge represents an integrated treatment sequence, not a historical claim that filtration alone invented coagulation.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-flocculation",
      "name": "Flocculation in water treatment",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "water-coagulation"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Gentle mixing encourages particles to collect into larger flocs.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "One component of multi-barrier treatment; its use depends on source water.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Gentle mixing encourages particles to collect into larger flocs.",
        "caveat": "One component of multi-barrier treatment; its use depends on source water.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-sedimentation",
      "name": "Sedimentation in water treatment",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "water-flocculation"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Settling separates flocs from water before further filtration and disinfection.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "A process sequence is not the same as a universal history of invention.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Settling separates flocs from water before further filtration and disinfection.",
        "caveat": "A process sequence is not the same as a universal history of invention.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "water-disinfection",
      "name": "Water disinfection",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "germ-theory"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Chemical or physical disinfection addresses harmful microorganisms.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Disinfection and filtration serve different functions, often within the same treatment system.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Chemical or physical disinfection addresses harmful microorganisms.",
        "caveat": "Disinfection and filtration serve different functions, often within the same treatment system.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ultrafiltration",
      "name": "Ultrafiltration",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "water-filtration"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "Fine-pored membranes form one branch of modern water separation.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Performance depends on the membrane and the application.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Fine-pored membranes form one branch of modern water separation.",
        "caveat": "Performance depends on the membrane and the application.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "reverse-osmosis",
      "name": "Reverse osmosis",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "water-filtration"
      ],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "A membrane process removes dissolved material in applications including water reuse and desalination.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "This is a broad historical/technical record, not drinking-water treatment advice.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "A membrane process removes dissolved material in applications including water reuse and desalination.",
        "caveat": "This is a broad historical/technical record, not drinking-water treatment advice.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "municipal-water-treatment",
      "name": "Municipal drinking-water treatment",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "water-filtration",
        "water-disinfection"
      ],
      "kind": "System",
      "desc": "Multiple treatment barriers and distribution systems turn source water into a managed public supply.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "Treatment choices differ with source water and local requirements.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "Multiple treatment barriers and distribution systems turn source water into a managed public supply.",
        "caveat": "Treatment choices differ with source water and local requirements.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "CDC · How water treatment works",
            "https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/how-water-treatment-works.html"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "nanoceram",
      "name": "NanoCeram filtration medium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "water-filtration",
        "nasa-transfer"
      ],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "NASA-supported filtration research contributed to a medium later used in terrestrial water products.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "NASA supported development; it did not invent the entire field of water filtration.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "NASA-supported filtration research contributed to a medium later used in terrestrial water products.",
        "caveat": "NASA supported development; it did not invent the entire field of water filtration.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Spinoff · Space-age water purification",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Space-Age-Water-Purification-Anywhere-on-Earth"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "portable-purifying-bottle",
      "name": "Portable water-purifying bottle",
      "cat": "Everyday life",
      "year": 0,
      "deps": [
        "nanoceram"
      ],
      "kind": "Application",
      "desc": "A documented filtration technology reached a portable consumer water bottle.",
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Developed over time · origin date not assigned",
      "context": {
        "where": "See source for the scope of this technical milestone.",
        "who": "Multiple researchers, makers and institutions contributed.",
        "claim": "This is one documented transfer story, not a claim about all portable filters.",
        "factors": "Recorded enabling knowledge, materials and practices; not an exhaustive causal explanation."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "Earlier approaches created the knowledge and practical constraints for this branch.",
        "after": "A documented filtration technology reached a portable consumer water bottle.",
        "caveat": "This is one documented transfer story, not a claim about all portable filters.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NASA Spinoff · Space-age water purification",
            "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Space-Age-Water-Purification-Anywhere-on-Earth"
          ]
        ]
      },
      "evidenceStatus": "Source-linked editorial summary"
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q16000047",
      "name": "agricultural machinery",
      "cat": "Agriculture",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Technology",
      "desc": "machinery used for growing food",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q16000047",
      "topic": "agricultural machinery",
      "relatedIds": [
        "crop-cultivation"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q16000047",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
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            "Wikipedia · Battery charger",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q190100",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "desc": "structure that spans and provides a passage over a road, railway, river, or some other obstacle",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "kind": "Technology",
      "desc": "elevated road or railway or section thereof",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q1571667",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Technology",
      "desc": "bridge with roof and sidings",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q1825472",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "kind": "Material",
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      },
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Building material",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material"
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            "Wikipedia · Casting",
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            "Wikipedia · Metal casting",
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            "Wikipedia · Resin casting",
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      "id": "wd-q25816410",
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Pattern (casting)",
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            "Wikipedia · Ceramic art",
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      "id": "wd-q335404",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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        "wd-q45621"
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Ceramic glaze",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_glaze"
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      "id": "wd-q55654686",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "desc": "tiles made of ceramic material",
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      "id": "wd-q1936199",
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            "Wikipedia · Ceramic engineering",
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      "id": "wd-q1971493",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "reference": true,
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            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)"
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q11874774",
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      },
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      "id": "wd-q1621967",
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      "reference": true,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      },
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      "wikidataId": "Q1739168",
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      "year": 0,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "grouping of chemical elements",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q19549",
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
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            "Wikipedia · Names for sets of chemical elements",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements"
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    {
      "id": "wd-q428867",
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      "cat": "Materials",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "any of several measures of the occurrence of different chemical elements",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q428867",
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      },
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      "desc": "electric driven rail vehicle with passenger space",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
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      },
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Secure cryptoprocessor",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "wikidataId": "Q5322413",
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        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
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            "Wikipedia · Photoblog",
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      "id": "wd-q1764062",
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      "wikidataId": "Q1764062",
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            "Wikipedia · Sequencing",
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    {
      "id": "wd-q1260821",
      "name": "printing ink",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "desc": "ink especially formulated for plate or block printing",
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      "id": "wd-q852508",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "desc": "powder used in laser printers and photocopiers to form the printed text and images",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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    {
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      "desc": "tool designed to neatly and compactly store a holder that carries the thread of the weft yarn while weaving with a loom",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
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          [
            "Wikidata · plastic welding",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167738"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Plastic welding",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_welding"
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        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q1936800",
      "name": "welding power supply",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
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      "desc": "piece of equipment used to weld",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q1936800",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936800"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding power supply",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_power_supply"
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        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q7980877",
      "name": "welding joint",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q7980877",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
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      },
      "story": {
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980877"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding joint",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_joint"
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    {
      "id": "wd-q2327264",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q2327264",
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        "wd-q131172"
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
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      },
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          [
            "Wikidata · robot welding",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2327264"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Robot welding",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_welding"
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        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q7980875",
      "name": "welding goggles",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q7980875",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding goggles",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980875"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding goggles",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_goggles"
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        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q1099034",
      "name": "welding defect",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Technology",
      "desc": "flaw which compromises a weld's structural integrity",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q1099034",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
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      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "flaw which compromises a weld's structural integrity",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding defect",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099034"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding defect",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_defect"
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        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q1613682",
      "name": "welding equipment",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Technology",
      "desc": "tool",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q1613682",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "tool",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding equipment",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613682"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q17105783",
      "name": "welding slag",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "vitreous material produced as a byproduct of some arc welding processes",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q17105783",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
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      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "vitreous material produced as a byproduct of some arc welding processes",
        "caveat": "Reference catalog entry: the historical dossier and enabling relationships still need editorial research.",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding slag",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Slag (welding)",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_(welding)"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q112265432",
      "name": "welding glass",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "dark glass used for welding",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q112265432",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q11469",
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "dark glass used for welding",
        "caveat": "Reference catalog entry: the historical dossier and enabling relationships still need editorial research.",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding glass",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112265432"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q124575227",
      "name": "welding table",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "fireproof workbench for holding workpieces during welding, providing increased stability",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q124575227",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "fireproof workbench for holding workpieces during welding, providing increased stability",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding table",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124575227"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding table",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_table"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q22909740",
      "name": "Welding blanket",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "welding safety equipment",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q22909740",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "welding safety equipment",
        "caveat": "Reference catalog entry: the historical dossier and enabling relationships still need editorial research.",
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          [
            "Wikidata · Welding blanket",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22909740"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding blanket",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_blanket"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q132156557",
      "name": "welding inspection",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "process of examining welded joints to ensure quality, compliance with the code of construction, and structural integrity",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q132156557",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "process of examining welded joints to ensure quality, compliance with the code of construction, and structural integrity",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding inspection",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132156557"
          ],
          [
            "Wikipedia · Welding inspection",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_inspection"
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q16294582",
      "name": "welding process monitoring",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "a process in which the quality of a product is monitored during manufacturing",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q16294582",
      "topic": "welding",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "a process in which the quality of a product is monitored during manufacturing",
        "caveat": "Reference catalog entry: the historical dossier and enabling relationships still need editorial research.",
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          [
            "Wikidata · welding process monitoring",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16294582"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q137041854",
      "name": "AWS A2.4",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "american national standard for symbols used to specify welding, brazing, and nondestructive examination on engineering drawings",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q137041854",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q136914331",
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [
        "+1976-00-00T00:00:00Z"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "american national standard for symbols used to specify welding, brazing, and nondestructive examination on engineering drawings",
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          [
            "Wikidata · AWS A2.4",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137041854"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q137162795",
      "name": "Filler metal specification",
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      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "technical standard that defines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, classification system, and testing requirements for welding consumables including electrodes, wires, rods, and fluxes",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q137162795",
      "topic": "welding",
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        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "technical standard that defines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, classification system, and testing requirements for welding consumables including electrodes, wires, rods, and fluxes",
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        "sources": [
          [
            "Wikidata · Filler metal specification",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137162795"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q136906784",
      "name": "Welding consumables",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "materials consumed during welding operations, including filler metals, electrodes, shielding gases, fluxes, and backing materials",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q136906784",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "materials consumed during welding operations, including filler metals, electrodes, shielding gases, fluxes, and backing materials",
        "caveat": "Reference catalog entry: the historical dossier and enabling relationships still need editorial research.",
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          [
            "Wikidata · Welding consumables",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136906784"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q136914331",
      "name": "weld type",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "classification of welds used in welding engineering based on joint configuration, penetration, and process characteristics such as fillet, groove, plug, slot, seam, or spot weld",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q136914331",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "classification of welds used in welding engineering based on joint configuration, penetration, and process characteristics such as fillet, groove, plug, slot, seam, or spot weld",
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        "sources": [
          [
            "Wikidata · weld type",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136914331"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q137041370",
      "name": "Welding process control",
      "cat": "Tools",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "monitoring and regulation of welding parameters to ensure weld quality and consistency",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q137041370",
      "topic": "welding",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q131172"
      ],
      "topicRoot": "wd-q131172",
      "catalogDates": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution have not yet been curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the linked Wikidata statements and their underlying references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference record. Classification and shared-topic links are not causal dependencies; dates are not inferred from a search result.",
        "factors": "Explore related technologies and the original source record to investigate materials, practices and applications."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "monitoring and regulation of welding parameters to ensure weld quality and consistency",
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          [
            "Wikidata · Welding process control",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137041370"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "papyrus-scroll",
      "name": "Papyrus scroll",
      "cat": "Information",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Application developed over time",
      "deps": [
        "papyrus-writing-material"
      ],
      "kind": "Application",
      "desc": "Sheets could be joined into rolls, supporting longer written works.",
      "context": {
        "where": "Egypt and the wider Mediterranean; practices changed over long periods.",
        "who": "Many makers and users contributed. See the linked source for the specific historical scope.",
        "claim": "This records an application or capability; no single first date is assigned.",
        "factors": "Preparation, skilled practice, transmission of knowledge and practical needs."
      },
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            "Wikidata · biological pigment",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910979"
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          [
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            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigment"
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        "radio-waves-demonstrated"
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            "Wikipedia · Radiography",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography"
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        "wd-q245341"
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      "wikidataId": "Q70335573",
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70335573"
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      "wikidataId": "Q171486",
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            "Wikipedia · Rectifier",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier"
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      "id": "wd-q266790",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
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      "desc": "substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q266790",
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        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
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            "Wikipedia · Refrigerant",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant"
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      "kind": "Material",
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      "wikidataId": "Q225045",
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            "Wikipedia · Carbon tetrachloride",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride"
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      "name": "trichloromonofluoromethane",
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423000"
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            "Wikipedia · Trichlorofluoromethane",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane"
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      "name": "dichlorodifluoromethane",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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        "wd-q266790"
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423021"
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            "Wikipedia · Dichlorodifluoromethane",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane"
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    {
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      "name": "chlorodifluoromethane",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      },
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422994"
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Chlorodifluoromethane",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane"
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      "name": "bromotrifluoromethane",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q413018",
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
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      },
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413018"
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Bromotrifluoromethane",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromotrifluoromethane"
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      "name": "dichlorofluoromethane",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "chemical compound",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q418163",
      "topic": "refrigerant",
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        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418163"
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            "Wikipedia · Dichlorofluoromethane",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorofluoromethane"
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          [
            "Wikidata · suturing technique",
            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28790476"
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    },
    {
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      "deps": [],
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      "desc": "surgical instrument",
      "reference": true,
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      "topic": "suture",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q28790476"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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        "after": "surgical instrument",
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q5856",
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      "undated": true,
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      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q5856",
      "topic": "synthetic fiber",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Synthetic fiber",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber"
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q101674",
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q101674",
      "topic": "vacuum cleaner",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Vacuum cleaner",
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    {
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      "year": 0,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Technology",
      "desc": "machine which washes clothes automatically",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q124441",
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      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
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            "Wikipedia · Washing machine",
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    {
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q336191",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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            "Wikidata · wastewater",
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Wastewater",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater"
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    {
      "id": "wd-q156849",
      "name": "sewer network",
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      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Technology",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q156849",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [
        "wd-q949149"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Sewerage",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage"
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    {
      "id": "wd-q98073976",
      "name": "wastewater surveillance",
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      "year": 0,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q98073976",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Wastewater surveillance",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance"
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    {
      "id": "wd-q899944",
      "name": "sewage sludge",
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      "year": 0,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q899944",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Sewage sludge",
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    {
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      "year": 0,
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      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
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      "kind": "Process",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q3267830",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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            "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267830"
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Reclaimed water",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_water"
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    },
    {
      "id": "wd-q10315777",
      "name": "wastewater lagoon",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Process",
      "desc": "ponds designed and built for wastewater treatment",
      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q10315777",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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          [
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Waste stabilization pond",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_stabilization_pond"
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    {
      "id": "wd-q98894377",
      "name": "Wastewater-based epidemiology",
      "cat": "Water systems",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Historical date not yet curated",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
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      "reference": true,
      "wikidataId": "Q98894377",
      "topic": "wastewater",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Geography and historical attribution are not yet curated for this reference entry.",
        "who": "See the source statements and their references.",
        "claim": "Source-linked reference entry. Shared-topic and classification links do not imply causation.",
        "factors": "Explore the linked source and adjacent technologies for their practical connections."
      },
      "story": {
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          [
            "Wikipedia · Wastewater-based epidemiology",
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater-based_epidemiology"
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    },
    {
      "id": "element-1",
      "name": "Hydrogen",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1766",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
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      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 1; symbol H. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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          [
            "NIH PubChem · Hydrogen",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/1"
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    {
      "id": "element-2",
      "name": "Helium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1868",
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      "kind": "Material",
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      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 2; symbol He. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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            "NIH PubChem · Helium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/2"
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    {
      "id": "element-3",
      "name": "Lithium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1817",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Li, atomic number 3. Alkali metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "lithium-ion-battery"
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      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 3; symbol Li. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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            "NIH PubChem · Lithium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/3"
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    {
      "id": "element-4",
      "name": "Beryllium",
      "cat": "Materials",
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      "kind": "Material",
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      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
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        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 4; symbol Be. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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            "NIH PubChem · Beryllium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/4"
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    {
      "id": "element-5",
      "name": "Boron",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
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      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
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      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 5; symbol B. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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    {
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      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
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      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "steel-making"
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      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 6; symbol C. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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      "name": "Fluorine",
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      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
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        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 9; symbol F. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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          [
            "NIH PubChem · Fluorine",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/9"
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    {
      "id": "element-10",
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      "cat": "Materials",
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      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1898",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ne, atomic number 10. Noble gas; standard state: gas.",
      "reference": true,
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      "relatedIds": [],
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        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 10; symbol Ne. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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          [
            "NIH PubChem · Neon",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/10"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-11",
      "name": "Sodium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1807",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Na, atomic number 11. Alkali metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
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        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 11; symbol Na. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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        "after": "Chemical element Sodium (Na).",
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          [
            "NIH PubChem · Sodium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/11"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-12",
      "name": "Magnesium",
      "cat": "Materials",
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      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Mg, atomic number 12. Alkaline earth metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
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        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 12; symbol Mg. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
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            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/12"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-13",
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      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Al, atomic number 13. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "airplane"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 13; symbol Al. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Aluminum (Al).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Aluminum",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/13"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-14",
      "name": "Silicon",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1854",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Si, atomic number 14. Metalloid; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "semiconductor-physics",
        "transistor"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 14; symbol Si. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Silicon (Si).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Silicon",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/14"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-15",
      "name": "Phosphorus",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1669",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element P, atomic number 15. Nonmetal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 15; symbol P. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Phosphorus (P).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Phosphorus",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/15"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-16",
      "name": "Sulfur",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element S, atomic number 16. Nonmetal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 16; symbol S. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Sulfur (S).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Sulfur",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/16"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-17",
      "name": "Chlorine",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1774",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cl, atomic number 17. Halogen; standard state: gas.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 17; symbol Cl. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Chlorine (Cl).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Chlorine",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/17"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-18",
      "name": "Argon",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1894",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ar, atomic number 18. Noble gas; standard state: gas.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 18; symbol Ar. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Argon (Ar).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Argon",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/18"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-19",
      "name": "Potassium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1807",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element K, atomic number 19. Alkali metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 19; symbol K. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Potassium (K).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Potassium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/19"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-20",
      "name": "Calcium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ca, atomic number 20. Alkaline earth metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 20; symbol Ca. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Calcium (Ca).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Calcium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/20"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-21",
      "name": "Scandium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1879",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Sc, atomic number 21. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 21; symbol Sc. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Scandium (Sc).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Scandium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/21"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-22",
      "name": "Titanium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1791",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ti, atomic number 22. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 22; symbol Ti. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Titanium (Ti).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Titanium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/22"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-23",
      "name": "Vanadium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1801",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element V, atomic number 23. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 23; symbol V. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Vanadium (V).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Vanadium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/23"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-24",
      "name": "Chromium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1797",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cr, atomic number 24. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 24; symbol Cr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Chromium (Cr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Chromium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/24"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-25",
      "name": "Manganese",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1774",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Mn, atomic number 25. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 25; symbol Mn. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Manganese (Mn).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Manganese",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/25"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-26",
      "name": "Iron",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Fe, atomic number 26. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "iron-smelting",
        "steel-making"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 26; symbol Fe. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Iron (Fe).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Iron",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/26"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-27",
      "name": "Cobalt",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1735",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Co, atomic number 27. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 27; symbol Co. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Cobalt (Co).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Cobalt",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/27"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-28",
      "name": "Nickel",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1751",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ni, atomic number 28. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 28; symbol Ni. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Nickel (Ni).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Nickel",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/28"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-29",
      "name": "Copper",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cu, atomic number 29. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "copper-working",
        "copper-smelting",
        "bronze-alloying"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 29; symbol Cu. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Copper (Cu).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Copper",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/29"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-30",
      "name": "Zinc",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1746",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Zn, atomic number 30. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 30; symbol Zn. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Zinc (Zn).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Zinc",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/30"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-31",
      "name": "Gallium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1875",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ga, atomic number 31. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 31; symbol Ga. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Gallium (Ga).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Gallium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/31"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-32",
      "name": "Germanium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1886",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ge, atomic number 32. Metalloid; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "transistor"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 32; symbol Ge. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Germanium (Ge).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Germanium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/32"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-33",
      "name": "Arsenic",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element As, atomic number 33. Metalloid; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 33; symbol As. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Arsenic (As).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Arsenic",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/33"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-34",
      "name": "Selenium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1817",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Se, atomic number 34. Nonmetal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 34; symbol Se. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Selenium (Se).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Selenium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/34"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-35",
      "name": "Bromine",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1826",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Br, atomic number 35. Halogen; standard state: liquid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 35; symbol Br. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Bromine (Br).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Bromine",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/35"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-36",
      "name": "Krypton",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1898",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Kr, atomic number 36. Noble gas; standard state: gas.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 36; symbol Kr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Krypton (Kr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Krypton",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/36"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-37",
      "name": "Rubidium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1861",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Rb, atomic number 37. Alkali metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 37; symbol Rb. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Rubidium (Rb).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Rubidium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/37"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-38",
      "name": "Strontium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1790",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Sr, atomic number 38. Alkaline earth metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 38; symbol Sr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Strontium (Sr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Strontium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/38"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-39",
      "name": "Yttrium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1794",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Y, atomic number 39. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 39; symbol Y. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Yttrium (Y).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Yttrium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/39"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-40",
      "name": "Zirconium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1789",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Zr, atomic number 40. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 40; symbol Zr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Zirconium (Zr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Zirconium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/40"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-41",
      "name": "Niobium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1801",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Nb, atomic number 41. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 41; symbol Nb. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Niobium (Nb).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Niobium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/41"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-42",
      "name": "Molybdenum",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1778",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Mo, atomic number 42. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 42; symbol Mo. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Molybdenum (Mo).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Molybdenum",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/42"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-43",
      "name": "Technetium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1937",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Tc, atomic number 43. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 43; symbol Tc. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Technetium (Tc).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Technetium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/43"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-44",
      "name": "Ruthenium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1827",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ru, atomic number 44. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 44; symbol Ru. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Ruthenium (Ru).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Ruthenium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/44"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-45",
      "name": "Rhodium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1803",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Rh, atomic number 45. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 45; symbol Rh. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Rhodium (Rh).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Rhodium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/45"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-46",
      "name": "Palladium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1803",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Pd, atomic number 46. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 46; symbol Pd. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Palladium (Pd).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Palladium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/46"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-47",
      "name": "Silver",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ag, atomic number 47. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 47; symbol Ag. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Silver (Ag).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Silver",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/47"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-48",
      "name": "Cadmium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1817",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cd, atomic number 48. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 48; symbol Cd. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Cadmium (Cd).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Cadmium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/48"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-49",
      "name": "Indium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1863",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element In, atomic number 49. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 49; symbol In. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Indium (In).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Indium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/49"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-50",
      "name": "Tin",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Sn, atomic number 50. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [
        "bronze-alloying"
      ],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 50; symbol Sn. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Tin (Sn).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Tin",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/50"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-51",
      "name": "Antimony",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Sb, atomic number 51. Metalloid; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 51; symbol Sb. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Antimony (Sb).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Antimony",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/51"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-52",
      "name": "Tellurium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1782",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Te, atomic number 52. Metalloid; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 52; symbol Te. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Tellurium (Te).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Tellurium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/52"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-53",
      "name": "Iodine",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1811",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element I, atomic number 53. Halogen; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 53; symbol I. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Iodine (I).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Iodine",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/53"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-54",
      "name": "Xenon",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1898",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Xe, atomic number 54. Noble gas; standard state: gas.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 54; symbol Xe. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Xenon (Xe).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Xenon",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/54"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-55",
      "name": "Cesium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1860",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cs, atomic number 55. Alkali metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 55; symbol Cs. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Cesium (Cs).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Cesium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/55"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-56",
      "name": "Barium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1808",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ba, atomic number 56. Alkaline earth metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 56; symbol Ba. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Barium (Ba).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Barium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/56"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-57",
      "name": "Lanthanum",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1839",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element La, atomic number 57. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 57; symbol La. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Lanthanum (La).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Lanthanum",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/57"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-58",
      "name": "Cerium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1803",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ce, atomic number 58. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 58; symbol Ce. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Cerium (Ce).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Cerium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/58"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-59",
      "name": "Praseodymium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1885",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Pr, atomic number 59. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 59; symbol Pr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Praseodymium (Pr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Praseodymium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/59"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-60",
      "name": "Neodymium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1885",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Nd, atomic number 60. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 60; symbol Nd. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Neodymium (Nd).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Neodymium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/60"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-61",
      "name": "Promethium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1945",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Pm, atomic number 61. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 61; symbol Pm. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Promethium (Pm).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Promethium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/61"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-62",
      "name": "Samarium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1879",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Sm, atomic number 62. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 62; symbol Sm. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Samarium (Sm).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Samarium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/62"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-63",
      "name": "Europium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1901",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Eu, atomic number 63. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 63; symbol Eu. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Europium (Eu).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Europium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/63"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-64",
      "name": "Gadolinium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1880",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Gd, atomic number 64. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 64; symbol Gd. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Gadolinium (Gd).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Gadolinium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/64"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-65",
      "name": "Terbium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1843",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Tb, atomic number 65. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 65; symbol Tb. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Terbium (Tb).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Terbium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/65"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-66",
      "name": "Dysprosium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1886",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Dy, atomic number 66. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 66; symbol Dy. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Dysprosium (Dy).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Dysprosium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/66"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-67",
      "name": "Holmium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1878",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ho, atomic number 67. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 67; symbol Ho. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Holmium (Ho).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Holmium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/67"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-68",
      "name": "Erbium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1843",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Er, atomic number 68. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 68; symbol Er. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Erbium (Er).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Erbium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/68"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-69",
      "name": "Thulium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1879",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Tm, atomic number 69. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 69; symbol Tm. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Thulium (Tm).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Thulium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/69"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-70",
      "name": "Ytterbium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1878",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Yb, atomic number 70. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 70; symbol Yb. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Ytterbium (Yb).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Ytterbium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/70"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-71",
      "name": "Lutetium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1907",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Lu, atomic number 71. Lanthanide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 71; symbol Lu. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Lutetium (Lu).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Lutetium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/71"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-72",
      "name": "Hafnium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1923",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Hf, atomic number 72. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 72; symbol Hf. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Hafnium (Hf).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Hafnium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/72"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-73",
      "name": "Tantalum",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1802",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ta, atomic number 73. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 73; symbol Ta. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Tantalum (Ta).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Tantalum",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/73"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-74",
      "name": "Tungsten",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1783",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element W, atomic number 74. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 74; symbol W. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Tungsten (W).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Tungsten",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/74"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-75",
      "name": "Rhenium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1925",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Re, atomic number 75. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 75; symbol Re. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Rhenium (Re).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Rhenium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/75"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-76",
      "name": "Osmium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1803",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Os, atomic number 76. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 76; symbol Os. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Osmium (Os).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Osmium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/76"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-77",
      "name": "Iridium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1803",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ir, atomic number 77. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 77; symbol Ir. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Iridium (Ir).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Iridium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/77"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-78",
      "name": "Platinum",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1735",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Pt, atomic number 78. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 78; symbol Pt. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Platinum (Pt).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Platinum",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/78"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-79",
      "name": "Gold",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Au, atomic number 79. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 79; symbol Au. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Gold (Au).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Gold",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/79"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-80",
      "name": "Mercury",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Hg, atomic number 80. Transition metal; standard state: liquid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 80; symbol Hg. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Mercury (Hg).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Mercury",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/80"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-81",
      "name": "Thallium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1861",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Tl, atomic number 81. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 81; symbol Tl. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Thallium (Tl).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Thallium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/81"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-82",
      "name": "Lead",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "Known since antiquity",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Pb, atomic number 82. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 82; symbol Pb. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Lead (Pb).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Lead",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/82"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-83",
      "name": "Bismuth",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1753",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Bi, atomic number 83. Post-transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 83; symbol Bi. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Bismuth (Bi).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Bismuth",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/83"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-84",
      "name": "Polonium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1898",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Po, atomic number 84. Metalloid; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 84; symbol Po. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Polonium (Po).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Polonium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/84"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-85",
      "name": "Astatine",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1940",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element At, atomic number 85. Halogen; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 85; symbol At. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Astatine (At).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Astatine",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/85"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-86",
      "name": "Radon",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1900",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Rn, atomic number 86. Noble gas; standard state: gas.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 86; symbol Rn. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Radon (Rn).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Radon",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/86"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-87",
      "name": "Francium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1939",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Fr, atomic number 87. Alkali metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 87; symbol Fr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Francium (Fr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Francium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/87"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-88",
      "name": "Radium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1898",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ra, atomic number 88. Alkaline earth metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 88; symbol Ra. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Radium (Ra).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Radium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/88"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-89",
      "name": "Actinium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1899",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ac, atomic number 89. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 89; symbol Ac. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Actinium (Ac).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Actinium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/89"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-90",
      "name": "Thorium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1828",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Th, atomic number 90. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 90; symbol Th. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Thorium (Th).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Thorium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/90"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-91",
      "name": "Protactinium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1913",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Pa, atomic number 91. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 91; symbol Pa. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Protactinium (Pa).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Protactinium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/91"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-93",
      "name": "Neptunium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1940",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Np, atomic number 93. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 93; symbol Np. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Neptunium (Np).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Neptunium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/93"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-95",
      "name": "Americium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1944",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Am, atomic number 95. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 95; symbol Am. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Americium (Am).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Americium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/95"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-96",
      "name": "Curium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1944",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cm, atomic number 96. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 96; symbol Cm. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Curium (Cm).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Curium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/96"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-97",
      "name": "Berkelium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1949",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Bk, atomic number 97. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 97; symbol Bk. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Berkelium (Bk).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Berkelium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/97"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-98",
      "name": "Californium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1950",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cf, atomic number 98. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 98; symbol Cf. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Californium (Cf).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Californium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/98"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-99",
      "name": "Einsteinium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1952",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Es, atomic number 99. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 99; symbol Es. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Einsteinium (Es).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Einsteinium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/99"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-100",
      "name": "Fermium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1952",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Fm, atomic number 100. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 100; symbol Fm. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Fermium (Fm).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Fermium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/100"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-101",
      "name": "Mendelevium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1955",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Md, atomic number 101. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 101; symbol Md. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Mendelevium (Md).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Mendelevium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/101"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-102",
      "name": "Nobelium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1957",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element No, atomic number 102. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 102; symbol No. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Nobelium (No).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Nobelium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/102"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-103",
      "name": "Lawrencium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1961",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Lr, atomic number 103. Actinide; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 103; symbol Lr. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Lawrencium (Lr).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Lawrencium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/103"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-104",
      "name": "Rutherfordium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1964",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Rf, atomic number 104. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 104; symbol Rf. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Rutherfordium (Rf).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Rutherfordium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/104"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-105",
      "name": "Dubnium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1967",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Db, atomic number 105. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 105; symbol Db. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Dubnium (Db).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Dubnium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/105"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-106",
      "name": "Seaborgium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1974",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Sg, atomic number 106. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 106; symbol Sg. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Seaborgium (Sg).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Seaborgium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/106"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-107",
      "name": "Bohrium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1976",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Bh, atomic number 107. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 107; symbol Bh. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Bohrium (Bh).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Bohrium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/107"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-108",
      "name": "Hassium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1984",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Hs, atomic number 108. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 108; symbol Hs. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Hassium (Hs).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Hassium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/108"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-109",
      "name": "Meitnerium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1982",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Mt, atomic number 109. Transition metal; standard state: solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 109; symbol Mt. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Meitnerium (Mt).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Meitnerium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/109"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-110",
      "name": "Darmstadtium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1994",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ds, atomic number 110. Transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 110; symbol Ds. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Darmstadtium (Ds).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Darmstadtium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/110"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-111",
      "name": "Roentgenium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1994",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Rg, atomic number 111. Transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 111; symbol Rg. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Roentgenium (Rg).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Roentgenium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/111"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-112",
      "name": "Copernicium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1996",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Cn, atomic number 112. Transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 112; symbol Cn. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Copernicium (Cn).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Copernicium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/112"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-113",
      "name": "Nihonium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 2004",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Nh, atomic number 113. Post-transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 113; symbol Nh. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Nihonium (Nh).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Nihonium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/113"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-114",
      "name": "Flerovium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 1998",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Fl, atomic number 114. Post-transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 114; symbol Fl. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Flerovium (Fl).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Flerovium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/114"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-115",
      "name": "Moscovium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 2003",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Mc, atomic number 115. Post-transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 115; symbol Mc. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Moscovium (Mc).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Moscovium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/115"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-116",
      "name": "Livermorium",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 2000",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Lv, atomic number 116. Post-transition metal; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 116; symbol Lv. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Livermorium (Lv).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Livermorium",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/116"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-117",
      "name": "Tennessine",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 2010",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Ts, atomic number 117. Halogen; standard state: expected to be a solid.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 117; symbol Ts. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Tennessine (Ts).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Tennessine",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/117"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "element-118",
      "name": "Oganesson",
      "cat": "Materials",
      "year": 0,
      "undated": true,
      "dateLabel": "PubChem discovery milestone: 2006",
      "deps": [],
      "kind": "Material",
      "desc": "Chemical element Og, atomic number 118. Noble gas; standard state: expected to be a gas.",
      "reference": true,
      "topic": "chemical elements",
      "relatedIds": [],
      "context": {
        "where": "Occurrence, identification and isolation have different histories.",
        "who": "See NIH PubChem’s element history and referenced sources.",
        "claim": "A reported discovery year may refer to recognition, identification, isolation or synthesis. This catalog date is not forced onto a single chronological origin.",
        "factors": "Atomic number 118; symbol Og. The element’s compounds and uses have their own histories."
      },
      "story": {
        "before": "",
        "after": "Chemical element Oganesson (Og).",
        "caveat": "Reference facts from NIH PubChem. Historical discovery and practical use are separate milestones.",
        "sources": [
          [
            "NIH PubChem · Oganesson",
            "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/118"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "civilizations": [
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "label": "Cultivation of founder crops",
      "date": "c. 9500 BCE",
      "note": "Early wheat and barley cultivation; domestication was gradual and involved several communities."
    },
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "permanent-villages",
      "label": "Sedentary villages",
      "date": "c. 10,000–7000 BCE",
      "note": "Multiple communities settled at different times; villages predate full agriculture in some places."
    },
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "pottery",
      "label": "Early ceramic traditions",
      "date": "c. 7000 BCE",
      "note": "Pottery reached this region after independently earlier ceramic traditions elsewhere."
    },
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "irrigation-channels",
      "label": "Irrigation networks",
      "date": "6th–4th millennium BCE",
      "note": "Mesopotamian irrigation depended on watersheds, labor, and organization."
    },
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "writing",
      "label": "Cuneiform writing",
      "date": "late 4th millennium BCE",
      "note": "Southern Mesopotamia; earliest writing evidence is disputed in its exact boundaries."
    },
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "wheel-and-axle",
      "label": "Wheeled vehicles",
      "date": "4th millennium BCE",
      "note": "Early evidence across Eurasia; location of first invention debated."
    },
    {
      "region": "Southwest Asia",
      "id": "bronze-alloying",
      "label": "Bronze alloying",
      "date": "4th–3rd millennium BCE",
      "note": "Copper alloys varied; tin-bronze and arsenical copper are not interchangeable."
    },
    {
      "region": "Nile Valley",
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "label": "Nile Valley agriculture",
      "date": "6th–5th millennium BCE",
      "note": "Crops and animals were adopted through multiple regional exchanges."
    },
    {
      "region": "Nile Valley",
      "id": "writing",
      "label": "Egyptian hieroglyphic writing",
      "date": "late 4th millennium BCE",
      "note": "Independent development vs influence from Mesopotamia remains discussed."
    },
    {
      "region": "Nile Valley",
      "id": "papyrus-writing-material",
      "label": "Papyrus writing material",
      "date": "3rd millennium BCE",
      "note": "Local marsh papyrus supported Egyptian scribal practice."
    },
    {
      "region": "Nile Valley",
      "id": "geometry",
      "label": "Surveying and practical geometry",
      "date": "2nd millennium BCE",
      "note": "Evidence in mathematical papyri; should not imply mathematics arose only here."
    },
    {
      "region": "South Asia",
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "label": "Early farming at Mehrgarh",
      "date": "7th millennium BCE",
      "note": "Evidence from Baluchistan; later Indus cities had different regional histories."
    },
    {
      "region": "South Asia",
      "id": "urban-drainage",
      "label": "Indus urban sanitation",
      "date": "3rd millennium BCE",
      "note": "Large cities with sophisticated drainage and water management."
    },
    {
      "region": "South Asia",
      "id": "measurement-standards",
      "label": "Indus weights and measures",
      "date": "3rd millennium BCE",
      "note": "Standardized weights supported trade and craft production."
    },
    {
      "region": "South Asia",
      "id": "cotton-gin",
      "label": "Cotton cleaning and ginning traditions",
      "date": "historical; dates vary",
      "note": "Roller gins and cotton processing long predate Whitney’s mechanized saw gin."
    },
    {
      "region": "East Asia",
      "id": "pottery",
      "label": "Early ceramics",
      "date": "before 15,000 BCE",
      "note": "Very early pottery evidence from East Asia; not necessarily tied to farming."
    },
    {
      "region": "East Asia",
      "id": "paper",
      "label": "Papermaking",
      "date": "2nd century BCE–2nd century CE",
      "note": "Early paper preceded Cai Lun’s traditionally credited 105 CE improvements."
    },
    {
      "region": "East Asia",
      "id": "woodblock-printing",
      "label": "Woodblock printing",
      "date": "1st millennium CE",
      "note": "Developed into sophisticated publishing traditions."
    },
    {
      "region": "East Asia",
      "id": "movable-type",
      "label": "Movable type",
      "date": "11th century CE",
      "note": "Bi Sheng’s ceramic movable type; later metal type developed in Korea."
    },
    {
      "region": "East Asia",
      "id": "compass",
      "label": "Magnetic compass",
      "date": "1st millennium CE",
      "note": "Chinese lodestone traditions; navigation applications expanded later."
    },
    {
      "region": "East Asia",
      "id": "iron-smelting",
      "label": "Cast-iron production",
      "date": "1st millennium BCE",
      "note": "Chinese cast-iron traditions differed from European bloomery routes."
    },
    {
      "region": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
      "id": "iron-smelting",
      "label": "Iron metallurgical traditions",
      "date": "1st millennium BCE",
      "note": "Dates and origins debated; significant local technological diversity."
    },
    {
      "region": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
      "id": "steel-making",
      "label": "African iron and steel traditions",
      "date": "1st–2nd millennium CE",
      "note": "Multiple furnace traditions; important not to erase regional innovation."
    },
    {
      "region": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "label": "African crop domestication",
      "date": "prehistoric",
      "note": "Sorghum, pearl millet, African rice, and other crops were domesticated in multiple African regions."
    },
    {
      "region": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
      "id": "pottery",
      "label": "African ceramic traditions",
      "date": "prehistoric",
      "note": "Archaeological traditions are regionally varied and independently complex."
    },
    {
      "region": "Europe",
      "id": "mechanical-clock",
      "label": "Mechanical clocks",
      "date": "late 13th–14th centuries",
      "note": "European escapement-driven public clocks, building on older mechanical and timekeeping traditions."
    },
    {
      "region": "Europe",
      "id": "printing-press",
      "label": "Movable-type printing press",
      "date": "15th century",
      "note": "Gutenberg’s integrated European system; movable type had older Asian precedents."
    },
    {
      "region": "Europe",
      "id": "atmospheric-steam-engine",
      "label": "Atmospheric steam engine",
      "date": "1712",
      "note": "Newcomen engine; incorporated earlier developments in steam and vacuum research."
    },
    {
      "region": "Europe",
      "id": "electromagnet",
      "label": "Practical electromagnet",
      "date": "1820s",
      "note": "William Sturgeon’s early electromagnet; electromagnetism drew on work by Ørsted and others."
    },
    {
      "region": "Europe",
      "id": "airplane",
      "label": "Powered flight in Europe",
      "date": "early 20th century",
      "note": "Multiple researchers demonstrated flight; criteria for sustained, controlled, powered flight matter."
    },
    {
      "region": "North America",
      "id": "airplane",
      "label": "Wright Flyer",
      "date": "1903",
      "note": "United States; Wright brothers achieved sustained controlled powered heavier-than-air flight."
    },
    {
      "region": "North America",
      "id": "cotton-gin",
      "label": "Mechanized saw gin",
      "date": "1793–1794",
      "note": "Eli Whitney’s patent; roller gins existed centuries earlier."
    },
    {
      "region": "North America",
      "id": "transistor",
      "label": "Point-contact transistor",
      "date": "1947",
      "note": "Bell Labs in the United States; Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley had distinct contributions."
    },
    {
      "region": "North America",
      "id": "integrated-circuit",
      "label": "Integrated circuit",
      "date": "1958–1959",
      "note": "Kilby and Noyce developed important distinct integrated-circuit approaches."
    },
    {
      "region": "North America",
      "id": "lunar-lander",
      "label": "Apollo 11 crewed lunar landing",
      "date": "1969",
      "note": "NASA and international supply chains; lunar exploration includes earlier Soviet robotic firsts."
    },
    {
      "region": "North America",
      "id": "world-wide-web",
      "label": "Web adoption and infrastructure",
      "date": "1990s",
      "note": "The Web originated at CERN in Europe; North American infrastructure accelerated growth."
    },
    {
      "region": "Mesoamerica",
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "label": "Maize domestication",
      "date": "c. 7000–4000 BCE",
      "note": "Indigenous communities domesticated maize from teosinte in present-day Mexico."
    },
    {
      "region": "Mesoamerica",
      "id": "writing",
      "label": "Mesoamerican writing traditions",
      "date": "1st millennium BCE",
      "note": "Multiple writing systems; Maya writing became highly developed."
    },
    {
      "region": "Mesoamerica",
      "id": "calendar-systems",
      "label": "Complex calendrical systems",
      "date": "1st millennium BCE onward",
      "note": "Calendar systems developed over long periods among several societies."
    },
    {
      "region": "Andes",
      "id": "crop-cultivation",
      "label": "Potato and quinoa cultivation",
      "date": "prehistoric",
      "note": "Andean domestication adapted plants to demanding elevations and climates."
    },
    {
      "region": "Andes",
      "id": "road-construction",
      "label": "Andean road systems",
      "date": "1st–2nd millennium CE",
      "note": "Long-distance infrastructure expanded notably under Inca administration."
    },
    {
      "region": "Andes",
      "id": "measurement-standards",
      "label": "Quipu recordkeeping",
      "date": "1st–2nd millennium CE",
      "note": "Knotted-cord information storage; its range of encoding remains under study."
    },
    {
      "region": "Oceania",
      "id": "sail",
      "label": "Oceanic navigation and sail traditions",
      "date": "prehistoric–historic",
      "note": "Austronesian and Pacific voyaging combined watercraft, seamanship and environmental knowledge."
    },
    {
      "region": "Oceania",
      "id": "navigation-charts",
      "label": "Nonwritten wayfinding systems",
      "date": "prehistoric–historic",
      "note": "Star paths, wave patterns, and other navigation knowledge were transmitted orally."
    }
  ],
  "supplementalEdges": [
    {
      "from": "penicillin-discovery",
      "to": "antibiotic-penicillin",
      "relation": "developed into clinical treatment",
      "source": "https://www.path.ox.ac.uk/centenary/the-discovery-of-penicillin/"
    },
    {
      "from": "nuclear-fission",
      "to": "nuclear-reactor",
      "relation": "enabled controlled chain reactions",
      "source": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/The%20History%20of%20Nuclear%20Energy_0.pdf"
    },
    {
      "from": "algebra",
      "to": "calculus",
      "relation": "mathematical foundation",
      "source": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi/"
    }
  ],
  "resources": {
    "papyrus-writing-material": [
      {
        "title": "How papyrus sheets were made · UCL",
        "url": "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/craft/papyrusmaking.html"
      },
      {
        "title": "Papyrus-making · Metropolitan Museum of Art",
        "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/papyrus-making-in-egypt"
      },
      {
        "title": "Papyrus production video · Museo Egizio",
        "url": "https://collezionepapiri.museoegizio.it/en-GB/section/Papyrus-Collection/What-s-on/The-Egyptologist-s-Corner/"
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    ],
    "jet-engine": [
      {
        "title": "Gas turbine families · NASA Glenn",
        "url": "https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/turbine-engines/"
      }
    ],
    "turbofan": [
      {
        "title": "Animated turbofan explanation · NASA Glenn",
        "url": "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/etft.html"
      }
    ],
    "turboprop": [
      {
        "title": "How a turboprop works · NASA Glenn",
        "url": "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/aturbp.html"
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      "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/28",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original reference diagram",
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      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
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      "contextual": false,
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      "source": "https://jonathanhartwig.com/techatlas/atlas-data.json",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Puddling furnace · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
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      "source": "https://jonathanhartwig.com/techatlas/atlas-data.json",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Electrical grid · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
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      "source": "https://jonathanhartwig.com/techatlas/atlas-data.json",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Radio waves demonstrated · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
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      "caption": "Synthetic rubber · recorded connections and research gaps",
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      "contextual": false,
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    },
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      "source": "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9520",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Power-efficient cordless motors · recorded connections and research gaps",
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      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Cordless handheld vacuum · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
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      "source": "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9520",
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      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
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      "diagram": true
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      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
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      "contextual": false,
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    },
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      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
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      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
    "everyday-video-capture": {
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      "source": "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Reflecting-on-Lifes-Daily-Challenges",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Spacecraft radiant-barrier insulation · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
    "emergency-blanket": {
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      "source": "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/emergency-blankets/",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Emergency space blanket · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
    "finish-line-blankets": {
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      "source": "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Reflecting-on-Lifes-Daily-Challenges",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Marathon finish-line wraps · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
    "reflective-jacket-linings": {
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      "source": "https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Reflecting-on-Lifes-Daily-Challenges",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Reflective jacket linings · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
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    "keg-insulation": {
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      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
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      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
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      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
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      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
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      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Carry water in ceramic vessels · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
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      "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12109",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Cook food in ceramic vessels · recorded connections and research gaps",
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      "source": "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/aturbp.html",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Turboprop engine · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
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      "source": "https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/turbine-engines/",
      "creator": "Tech Atlas · original explanatory diagram",
      "license": "Original diagram based on the linked record",
      "caption": "Turboshaft engine · recorded connections and research gaps",
      "contextual": false,
      "diagram": true
    },
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      "source": "https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/etft.html",
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